Christian Ethics in Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Christian Ethics in Business - Research Paper Example the branch of philosophy that defines what is good for the individual and for society and establishes the nature of obligations, or duties, that people owe themselves and one another.† (2004: 31) Though the political authorities in all countries devise statutes of laws and implement them for the best interest of the society at large, which aim to strictly establish the complete code of responsibilities and relationships on the professionals while entering into communication, dealing and interaction; yet there appear several issues that have not been manifestly described and defined by law. The rule of law respects us as equals. It allows us to organize our lives, plan our futures, and resolve disputes in a rational way.† (Rule, 2008: 12) Thus, apparently these laws look comprehensive and sufficient in deciding the role, duties and rights of professionals while interacting with others in career life; even then there is an urgent need for some specific code on the basis of which the individuals could be restricted to adopt while dealing with their customers and clients as well as the public at large. However, there certainly exist some specific moral values that are other than laws, and the prevailing legal framework does not restrict the professionals to abide by these moral values. On the contrary, it is religious beliefs and ethical values that apply restrictions and limitations upon the professionals while offering their services at offices and work places. Consequently, religious beliefs vehemently lay stress upon observing of ethics in personal and professional dealings. MacFarlane has explained the decline of ethics with particular reference to occupation of law. â€Å"When we speak of the decline in â€Å"ethical† standards, we should not use the term ‘ethics’ to mean only compliance with the Ten Commandments or other standards of common, basic morality.....A lawyer can [adhere to all these requirements] and still fail to meet the standards of a true

Hinduism Essay Example for Free

Hinduism Essay The belief of the existence of a supernatural being has always been there since time immemorial. People have a common belief that there exists a super being that has more power than an ordinary being and that this being deserves to be respected and adorned. It is because of this reason that there are many religions. Religions are groups of people who share a common faith. There are many religions in the world today but the most common are Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. The focus of this paper is Hinduism as a religion and more importantly what makes it a religion, now that it lacks a uniting belief (Kim.  1998). Hinduism ranks third among the largest religions in the world. It is estimated that in the world today there are about eight hundred and 20 million followers of this particular religion. This is a big increase in terms of followers in comparison to a few years back. Hinduism is also considered as one of the most organized yet the oldest religion in the world. This not withstanding Hinduism has been described by many theologians as not being a full-fledged religion in terms of composition as there are some components the religion lacks (Axel. 2004). Unlike other religions Hinduism does not have a universal founder. While Islam is believed to have been found by Prophet Muhammad who was sent by Allah, Christianity was founded by Jesus who was sent by God. This is however not the case in Hinduism as there is no particular person who is the founder of this faith. Hinduism as a religion also lacks a specific holy book as there is a Bible in Christianity and a Quran among the Muslims. There is also not a centralized system of authority and the concept of a prophet being sent by a supreme being is non existent in Hinduism. Hinduism also lacks a system of theology that is specific as it the case with other religions (Gavin. 1996). Hinduism had never been considered as a religion for many years for lack of these major components that make up a religion. However, as years went by due the large numbers that this faith was claiming it was now ranked among the three major religions in the world. Hinduism has instead been viewed more as a way of living than as a religion. While other religions, Christianity for instance are a group of people with the same kind of faith, Hinduism is made up of various religions where people profess different faiths. These different faiths have their origin in India and with gradual evolution they have led to the growth and development of Hinduism as a religion (Axel. 2004). Hinduism is very much bent on the beliefs of an individual on what is right as opposed to worshipping a supreme being. Although Hinduism is one of the oldest faiths of the world, it lacks unification and many people have always considered as a lesser religion or better still an organized group of faithful as opposed to a religion. Looking at the definition of a religion it is in order to conclude that Hinduism is not a religion but instead a well organized form of faith. The concept of God lacks in this form of faith and the shepherd who is usually the clergy in other religions acts like a mere guideline to other members of the society. Hindus have no one particular God to who they give worship and praise. Instead they have an array of gods who are represented by idols. Hinduism has been described as one of the most tolerant religions in the world where freedom of worship is granted to the faithful of the religion. For instance a Hindu faithful needs not frequent the temple so as to be considered righteous. Instead following the rules of the religion is considered enough (Gavin. 1996). Something major to note is that all; gods in the Hindu religion are not divines as is the case in other religions. While in Islam and Christianity, God is divine, in Hindu, their gods are artificially made and are mainly represented by animals especially cows. However the Hindu religion has one major strength and this is the manifestation of the religion. While in many religions this aspect does not always come out strongly, in Hinduism manifestation is considered as part of the daily routine (Gavin. 1996). In conclusion it is correct to argue that Hinduism is only considered a religion and indeed one of the major religions of the world mainly because of the mass following it has and not because of its composition. It has however been able to grow over the years and has found its place in the world and is now ranked third among the main religions.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Diseases Research Essays

Alzheimer's Disease The disease called Alzheimer’s is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States (Weiner, 1987). It is estimated that the elderly population will double between now and 2030. During this period, the number of elderly will grow by an average of 2.8% annually (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). By 2050, the number of people with Alzheimer’s is estimated to range from 11.3 million to 16 million (Alzheimer’s Association, 2005). These startling numbers should prompt an examination into one of the leading causes of death among this group of people. Understanding what Alzheimer’s is and the known causes of the disease are a good starting point. For those who have aging family members, knowing the risk factors and warning signs of Alzheimer’s can be beneficial to both the patient and his family. Finally, once the patient has been diagnosed as having Alzheimer’s, a plan for treatment as well as providing the family and caregivers with a support syste m can help ease those involved through a very challenging, heartbreaking time. The Alzheimer’s Association (2005) defines the disease as â€Å"a progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys a person’s memory and ability to learn, reason, make judgments, communicate, and carry out daily activities†. Contrary to popular belief, Alzheimer’s is not the result of normal aging, although it normally occurs more frequently in people who are over the age of 65 (Gruetzner, 1988). Studies performed on the brains of deceased Alzheimer’s patients show several irregularities. The most obvious abnormality is in the signal-transmitting chemicals, where a 40-90% decrease in the enzyme CAT is found. This enzyme lies in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain. When CAT is decreased, it causes cholinergic or acetylcholine-releasing nerve terminals to diminish. These chemicals are important for communication between nerves. Also found during these autopsies were double strands of neurofibullary tangles, senile plaque (decaye d neural material), and granulovacular degeneration-all which are associated with mental impairment. Neurofibullary tangles normally do increase with age, but Alzheimer’s patients show a very high density of the tangles. The brain has also been found to contain abnormally high concentrations of aluminum (Weiner, 1987). While much is known about the end results of Alzheimer’... ...illick, 1998). While at the present time little is known about the causes of Alzheimer’s and there is no existence of a cure, current research combined with the latest in technology is hopeful for a breakthrough. Not only are new drugs being developed, but also the possibility of vaccines are on the horizon. Keeping up with the latest clinical trials, findings and treatment options can be a challenge, but doing so can arm patients and caregivers with a powerful tool. Only through education and progress in research can this deadly disease become extinct. Works Cited: Alzheimer’s Association. (2005). What is Alzheimer’s disease? Retrieved March 30, 2005, from http://www.alz.org/AboutAD/WhatIsAD.asp Gillick, Muriel R. (1998). Tangled minds: understanding Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. New York: Penguin Group. Gruetzner, Howard. (1988). Alzheimer’s: a caregiver’s guide and source book. New York: Stephen Kipper. U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Sixty-five plus in the United States. Retrieved March 30, 2005, from http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/statbriefs/agebrief.html Weiner, Michael A. (1987). Reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s. New York: Stein & Day.

The Power of Title IX Essay -- gender equity in sports

Title IX is a law passed in 1972 that requires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that receives federal funding (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any educational programs or activity receiving federal financial assistance. – From the preamble to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). The actual Title IX document was based on 10 key areas: (1) access to higher education (2) employment, (3) athletics, (4) career education; (5) education for pregnant and parenting students, (6) employment learning environment, (7) math and science, (8) sexual harassment, (9) standardized testing and (10) technology (titleixinfo.com.2011). Title IX legislation has been subject to over 20 additional reviews and proposed amendment revisions due to the different inte rpretations and lifestyle changes that present themselves in their various court cases. History of Title IX Title IX is historically related to the social changes that were becoming increasingly noticed after the Civil Rights laws were coming to light. These social changes represented a national commitment to end discrimination and establish a mandate to bring the excluded into the mainstream (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). It was the federal government that utilized these laws, created by Title IX, to deliver the promise of all people’s equal opportunities and rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution to develop their talents. As an early example of the barriers set up before Title IX, Luci Baines Johnson, daughter of President J... ...opportunities in athletics and extra- curricular activities. A woman should never be forced to do anything different then a man just because of her sex. This author agrees with the decision that the woman in this case should not have been sent home for a mandatory leave of absence. This is prejudice at its best. Participating in the pre-game activities of Super Bowl XLV, there was a young girl who won a contest that presented her the opportunity to carry the game ball out on the field before the coin toss. This young girl stated in an interview that it is her life long goal to become a kicker in the National Football League (NFL). This is Title IX at its best. A young girl with a dream; a dream to do something that no other girl has ever done before; a dream to step foot in a man’s world and be allowed the equal opportunity to accomplish HER dream.

Cna Research

Pulling the Plug Medical Nursing Aide Jane Roberts Instructor Mary Mooney October 4, 2012 What does life support hold for a person who is living by technology of a support for a machine? The person who is ill does not have a chance of waking up and able to live a normal life. Sometimes people see life support as a lifesaver which in many cases, it can be. In this case if it was me, and I had to make a choice to take them off life support it would be a hard descsion if you know that there is a possible chance they will never come to or be in a veggie state.Life support t is a combination of machines and therapies that work together to sustain human life (www. livestrong. com). I know that life support in some case allow a person who has been ill or in accident to get up and carry on with their lives in this case Betty Jean, had punctured her heart and stop breathing twice and had no brain activity, the doctor assured Tony, there was nothing else they could done . In life we have descs ion to bring life in this world not to take life.I can agree with parents as well as the husband the parents love their daughter and know parent wants to lose a child but the husband wants his wife taken off life support Betty Jean, also had a living will that stated o ventilator. I think that Tony loved his wife so much and he followed her wishes Betty Jean, had been a nurse so she knew extent of what life support she also was active in hospice so she knew the extent of life support.Tony had to made a tough decision; I think he should of waited like the parents’ wished just a little longer there are several kinds of life support decisions rather it is ventilators or Nutrition and Hydration or (DNR) order which â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate. These are hard decisions for anyone and it best not to make this type decisions on your own.Betty Jeans, living will over power the parent’s rights but morally I would have waited just because of my own beliefs it hard to let a love on e go but in this case the husband had to make the last decisions. REFERENCE PAGE Use caution in ending life support for brain-injured, experts say. (2011, U. S. News & World Report, , 1. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com; http://www. livestrong. com(2009)

Free Essays on Kabuki

Kabuki is one of Japan's traditional theatrical arts. Its inception goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has flourished and remains a very popular dramatic art form in Japan drawing large audiences across the country. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinction between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. The art of kabuki was cultivated mainly by the merchants in those days. They had be come increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was perhaps most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under such conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever. All female parts are played by male impersonators known as onnagata. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers. The authorities felt that this would lead to a serious demoralization of the public and in 1629 the theatrical appearance of women was officially banned. However, since kabuki as an art form was already accepted by the public, men immediately took over and have continued performing to the present. The ban on actresses was in effect for about 250 years. In the mean time kabuki brought to perfection the art of the onnagata. As a result, there was no room for actresses in kabuki whe... Free Essays on Kabuki Free Essays on Kabuki Kabuki is one of Japan's traditional theatrical arts. Its inception goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has flourished and remains a very popular dramatic art form in Japan drawing large audiences across the country. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinction between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. The art of kabuki was cultivated mainly by the merchants in those days. They had be come increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was perhaps most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under such conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever. All female parts are played by male impersonators known as onnagata. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers. The authorities felt that this would lead to a serious demoralization of the public and in 1629 the theatrical appearance of women was officially banned. However, since kabuki as an art form was already accepted by the public, men immediately took over and have continued performing to the present. The ban on actresses was in effect for about 250 years. In the mean time kabuki brought to perfection the art of the onnagata. As a result, there was no room for actresses in kabuki whe... Free Essays on Kabuki While reading the short story â€Å"Flower-Eating Crone† by Enchi Fumiko, the one obstacle that I had with the text dealt with the Kabuki theatre. I kept wondering what the Kabuki theatre was all about, since it was mentioned throughout the story. I have very little experience with Japanese culture, so I thought it would be a good idea to see what exactly the Kabuki theatre entails. I feel this topic is significant because it seems like Kabuki theatre plays a major role in the Japanese culture. I feel the following information would only enhance a reader’s understanding of this story if they actually knew a little background on the aesthetics of the Kabuki theatre. I’m going to give a brief explanation about certain key aspects of the Kabuki theatre and these aspects are the background, repertoire, the aesthetic elements, the stage, and finally the actors. Kabuki theatre is one of Japan’s traditional theatrical art programs. The Kabuki theatre started around the 16th century in the period known as the Edo Era century. This was the period in which Kabuki developed the most. The merchant class was the class that did most of the groundwork for the Kabuki theatre. To the commoners Kabuki theatre was a way to express their emotions about their living conditions. (i.g. social class difference). The feudalistic system and conflicts between humanity are the two main themes that are found throughout each play. This form of theatre is constantly evolving and making changes for the better. Kabuki theatre does have a big following among the Japanese. The thing about Kabuki theatre that amazed me the most is the fact the males play both female and male roles. Yes this means that there are no female actresses in Kabuki theatre. These males are known as onnagata. The use of woman was banned in 1629 in order to protect the public from demoralization. Kabuki theatre has a huge repertoire of around 300 plays. This number is s... Free Essays on Kabuki Japan’s dances and dramas as they are seen today contain 1300 years of continuous uninterrupted history. This prodigious feat of conservation, theatrically speaking, makes Japan an extraordinary and unique country. In all of Asia, where tradition generally is sanctified and change eschewed, Japan stands as the only country whose theatre is its entirety has never suffered an eclipse nor undergone any drastic revivification or renovation. The most traditional form of Japanese theatre is kabuki. Its origin goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has now been perfected into a state of classical refinement. Though not as flourishing as it once was, the kabuki theatre retains wide popularity among the people, and is in fact drawing quite large audiences even now. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinctions between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. Mainly the merchants cultivated the art of kabuki in those days. They had become increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under the prevailing conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art, and possibly the most significant detail and in keeping with the kabuki spirit of unusualness, is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever (Bowers 325). Male impersonators known as onnagata play all female parts. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage...

Diversity in the Workplace Within the Department of Health

Diversity in the Workplace Within the Department of Health Executive Summary This term paper provides insight into diversity in the workplace as it relates to leadership and human resource management within the department of health. Various issues associated with workplace diversity in the healthcare system can also be viewed in terms of gender, position, ranking, and employee background.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Diversity in the Workplace Within the Department of Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most healthcare systems yearn for leadership that ensures that the process of service delivery in hospitals remains fair, satisfactory, and consistent. However, various diversity challenges in the healthcare sector are linked to poor leadership and management strategies. Such hurdles include discrimination, poor leadership, improper communication skills, culture disapproval, staff conflicts, inadequate service delivery, low motivation, and implementation of unsuit able business strategies among others. The managers of healthcare institutions should champion the embracement of diversity with a view of alleviating cases of inequality in such facilities. The realization of successful workplace diversity requires effective human resource management and leadership. This situation ensures that the workforce is motivated to improve performance at both the individual and organizational levels. Other diversity issues that should be considered in the administration of healthcare include the understanding and appreciation of different cultures that exist amongst the employees and patients. On the other hand, poor leadership and human resource management can result in decreased performance due to reduced collaboration amongst individuals and teams. As a result, healthcare institutions require sound leadership and human resource management strategies to address diversity issues that can bring about discrimination, and workplace conflicts among others. Int roduction The implementation of diversity in an organization brings about a plethora of benefits that include the improved provision of services, innovation, and nurturing of talents among others. Healthcare departments have various criteria for staffing nurses. This situation has resulted in an array of personalities that are depicted amongst different employees.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such personalities and traits are seen as forms of diversity that pose challenges to leadership and human resource management. Diversity in the healthcare system is based on aspects such as age, gender, race and ethnicity, religion, education, physical abilities, cultural differences, critical thinking skills, and teambuilding among others. Others view diversity in terms of language, job description, communication, and motivational skills among others. In fact, this as pect is also seen as an element that holds and encompasses the opinions of employees on themselves and colleagues in the workplace. These viewpoints have significant effects on the performance of nurses in the clinical setting. Although there is adequate information on leadership and human resource management, there is a need to address the existing diversity dilemmas in healthcare departments with a view of as formulating feasible solutions. This term paper explores diversity in the workplace as it relates to leadership and human resource management within the department of health. Discussion of Possible Solutions to Workplace Diversity The increase in employee diversity in the healthcare setup has resulted in various opportunities and challenges. For instance, most healthcare departments have successfully embraced diversity in an attempt to improve performance and the quality of service delivery. This strategy has also been meant for practices such as employee retention, motivatio n, and career promotion. This situation has significantly increased their commitment to work and focus on the healthcare goals. According to Kochan et al. (2003), improved leadership and management of organizations fortify the attainment of satisfaction amongst individuals and teams in the workplace. Various researchers have proposed solutions to issues of workplace diversity concerning leadership and human resource management such as employee contentment, conflict resolution, and cultural appreciation among others. Ensuring Employee Satisfaction Various factors determine the satisfaction of nurses and other healthcare professionals in the clinical setting. Contentment can be either positive or negative depending on how the employees think about the job environment, colleagues, and nature of work among other factors. The perceptions of the employees on their tasks have significant effects on the accomplishment of the healthcare goals.Advertising We will write a custom term p aper sample on Diversity in the Workplace Within the Department of Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kaliski (2007) described job satisfaction as an employee’s sense of the achievement of various performance tasks. Employee contentment is directly related to productivity and personal wellbeing. It entails work enjoyment and rewards of one’s efforts. Satisfied employees remain enthusiastic about their work; hence, they realize self-fulfillment (Kaliski, 2007). A research conducted by McKay, Avery, and Morris (2008) indicated that the perceptions of the employees on diversity ensured their satisfaction in the workplace. These employees are positively influenced by the leadership and human resource management approaches that led to the development of their skills, knowledge, and career fulfillment (McKay et al., 2008). They further indicated that diversity plays a significant role in the determination of the perceptions and attitudes of the employees towards leadership and management in the hospital setup. It was concluded that the management and leadership styles adopted promoted staff satisfaction. This situation led to the improved provision of services. Employees who have positive perceptions of leadership and human resource management with respect to workplace diversity tend to be more motivated; hence, they develop a tendency of embracing teamwork to deliver high-quality services (Robbins, Judge, Millett, Boyle, 2013). When motivation is derived from money rather than the embracement of positive values such the promotion of talent, the resulting job productivity does not improve the satisfaction of the employees. A research conducted by Robbins et al. (2013) identified that most employees got satisfied from pecuniary benefits such as promotion promises and good salaries among others. Diversity, as viewed by employees in the hospital setups, can influence their relationship with the management. A negative attitude towards diversity with respect to aspects such as race, gender, and sex among others can result in conflict in the workplace. This situation can also bring about a feeling of discrimination among the employees, especially those who hold lower positions in the healthcare organization. Such perceptions can result in the dissatisfaction that leads to reduced productivity eventually (Robbins et al., 2013).  The maintenance of a satisfied workforce underpins the development of positive values such as motivation, understanding of diversity, and fulfillment of goals at the individual, team, and organizational levels. Such understanding helps in solving issues related to discrimination.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poor understanding and the implementation of inappropriate leadership approaches can affect the key areas of human resource management such as recruitment, organizational culture, and employer of activity to be done Interpersonal Figurehead Leader Liaison The managers must ensure that employees understand diversity as a value and objective of the healthcare system The manager should be a role model and must embrace policies that guarantee implementation of diversity The leader must ensure that nurses coordinate their efforts whilst maintaining a high sense of cooperation among themselves. Informational Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson The manager must be in a position to evaluate the various treatments that diverse employees undergo. The manager must inform nurses on about diversity and its policies and shun issues of discrimination The manager must provide the necessary support to the implementation of the diversity policies and initiatives in the hos pital environment at all times besides communicating them to everybody in the organization Decisional Entrepreneur Problem handler Resource allocator Negotiator The manager must channel resource to develop ways for effective management of diversity and eliminate issues that pertain to conflict, discrimination, and bias. The manager must constantly take actions in time to correct any existing issue of diversity The manager must be in a position to effectively allocate resources to support diversity management The manager must work with everybody or any stakeholders such as suppliers, labor unions to ensure that diversity is encouraged at all times in the healthcare departments Balanced Workforce (BWF) and Quality Service Delivery Strategy The Balanced Workforce Strategy (BWF) is an all-encompassing technique that guides the departments in wide-ranging nursing situations. The strategy ensures the effective tracking of the nurse population with a view of setting a long-term goal that must be accomplished annually (Ommaya Hahm, 2006). The leaders and managers must be accountable for upward morbidity in the healthcare department. The balanced workforce protects the employees from lopsided treatment in cases that involve layoffs. The BWF can be used in conjunction with the six strategic plans that include baseline development, increment, quality of service, productivity gain, and continuous improvement of the healthcare department through staff development (Ommaya Hahm, 2006). These techniques are based on the frequent building of skills through training, improving the hospital environment, offering competitive services, and performance-based compensations to ensure that the needs of the diverse workforce are met (Ommaya Hahm, 2006). The mission of diversity inclusion is to ensure that the goals of the nurses are met with a view of creating an atmosphere that accommodates wide-ranging cultural backgrounds, styles, and functions in addition to ensuring that the long-term goals of the healthcare department are achieved. A major disadvantage is that this BWF strategy is time-consuming. This situation can derail the process of service delivery in the healthcare system (Ommaya Hahm, 2006). Measuring the Progress Results The measurement of the progress is a strategy that entails the setting of goals for all efforts towards diversity implementation in the healthcare departments. Various activities involved in the measurement of the progress results include the development of the existing 360-degree communication system to create and reinforce the commitment to diversity amongst the employees (Ommaya Hahm, 2006). This strategy should be accomplished by emphasizing the importance of diversity in the delivery of superior healthcare services.  It also entails the establishment of various action plans at the departmental levels to ensure that the workforce understand the essence of embracing diversity in the healthcare syste m. According to Ommaya and Hahm (2006), the measuring of the progress results also encompasses the development of an assessment criteria that covers the healthcare entity to ensure that diversity is strictly monitored across the departments (Ommaya Hahm, 2006). Training should be conducted at both the individual and team levels to sensitize the employees to the importance of embracing diversity. If the above components are implemented, the diversity progress can be noted through the measurement of the results and progress of every component mentioned above concerning diversity (Ommaya Hahm, 2006). Recommendation After the discussion of various strategies to solve the problems of diversity in relation to leadership and human resource management in the hospital setup, the inclusion strategy is recommended for use. The strategy has various rationales and advantages that underpin the accomplishment of healthcare goals. At the outset, its implementation in the healthcare department is beneficial in many ways if the measures are conducted effectively. Most healthcare departments that have embraced the inclusion approach to enhance their performance have registered positive impacts on the accomplishment of both short and long-term goals. It ensures the effective implementation of communication and feedback channels, improved leadership, low turnover rates, efficient ways of resolving conflicts, and increased fairness in the allocation of resources (Holvino et al., 2004). Plan and Timeline for Implementation Various activities on diversity in the healthcare departments will include both employee survey and implantation of Diversity Practices Assessment Tools based on the Juan Johnson’s framework. The framework follows the seven C’s (conciseness, completeness, clarity, concreteness, consideration, courtesy, and correctness) of effective diversity management. The framework elaborates that diversity starts with a proper alignment with the organizationâ₠¬â„¢s purpose (Holvino et al., 2004). The framework then provides an elaboration of the continuum of its compliance, composition, cognizance, competence, and culture in the healthcare system that supports diverse and inclusive workplace techniques. The framework further takes into account the roles of communication in ensuring the facilitation and sustenance of diversity and inclusion management. The examination will also entail the identification of various practices and programs that exist in the healthcare departments. Other activities will include the provision of demographic information on the healthcare setting, the action plan to be attained, and rating the findings of the previous strategies conducted on diversity (Holvino et al., 2004). The workforce in the survey will be divided into two distinct categories namely the committee and staff. At the outset, the management will form a committee that will hold weekly meetings during the initiative program that will be conducted in three months. The committee will prepare questionnaires that will include demographic information such as race, gender, and ethnicity among others. They will be also included to perform the initiative training in diversity to promote the process besides speed up various follow-ups (Holvino et al., 2004). This process will be conducted using surveys during the training period. Other activities that the committee will conduct include the development of the framework encompassing the definition of diversity, policies, and vision statement. They will also ensure that the best practices on diversity conducted by other organizations are benchmarked with a view of applying them to healthcare setup where applicable (Holvino et al., 2004). The committee will also develop a plan of action to ensure the incorporation of diversity in leadership and human resource management. It will further conduct an audit of culture, training plans, measuring effectiveness, and accountability techniques. O ther activities will include the reward and recognition systems. Lastly, it will entail the implementation of the projected strategy in the healthcare system (Holvino et al., 2004). The second group will be the staff. The staff will engage in conducting the survey and/or outreach initiatives. The employees will elect their leader who will handle the coordination of various activities during the period. After the training, the assessment survey will be completed. The management board will review the findings with a view of sharing the relevant information with the rest of the staff, volunteers, and other stakeholders that are beneficial to the healthcare department. The assessment of diversity will also take into consideration both quantitative and qualitative standards. The quantitative measures will include demographic data, pay equity, promotions, cost of recruiting, retention, and training costs among others. On the other hand, the qualitative measures will entail interviews, sel f-assessments, work environment, morale, diversity goals, training, performance data, customer satisfaction, and team efficiency among others. To embrace the inclusion strategy effectively, a thorough training program for the healthcare department should be conducted to promote the performance strategy initiatives such as recruitment, retention, partnership, proper communication, staffing, and infrastructure development. Such strategy initiatives will be elaborated to the employees during the three-month program on Human Performance Enhancement (HPE) strategy as indicated in the table below. Strategy Recommended Intervention Recruiting Include diverse recruiting teams Advertising jobs to target specific group of people Retention Provision of employee benefits Development Training programs on leadership Providing mentorship programs and workshops Partnership Include supplier programs for the minority groups Proper communication Use newsletters and inter nal websites based on diversity Providing updates on business Training Embrace training in the awareness of diversity initiative Embrace issue-based training that entails issues such as sexual harassment and discrimination among others (Holvino et al., 2004). Proposed Evaluation of Results After the training, a self-assessment questionnaire will be provided to indicate the objectives and achievements based on a three-point Likert scale with ascending numbers. â€Å"1† will represent â€Å"Disagree†, â€Å"2† â€Å"Agree†, and â€Å"3† â€Å"Strongly Agree†. The results obtained from the assessment will guide the analysis of information to determine the status of workplace diversity in the healthcare department. Aspects such as the lack enthusiasm, acceptance of poor performance status quo, poor judgment of processes, rejection of new ideas, and inappropriate interpersonal communication skills will be assessed. The table below indi cates how the management and employees will assess themselves with respect to their understanding of the inclusion strategy. The results will be evaluated with a view of initiating a follow-up at the departmental levels to ensure that the desired objectives are achieved Strategy Objectives Recommended Intervention Rating (1,2,3) Start Date (1stJuly 2015) Completion Date (1stOctober 2015) Recruiting Include diverse recruiting teams Advertising jobs to target specific group of people Retention Provision of employee benefits Development Training programs on leadership Providing mentorship programs and workshops Partnership Include supplier programs for the minority groups Proper communication Use newsletters, internal websites based on diversity Providing updates on business Training Embrace training in the awareness of diversity initiative Embrace training that are issue-based such as sexual harassment discrimination among others Evaluation and Assessment Summary as per the Implantation of Diversity Practices Assessment Tools This assessment summary provides insight into the practices embraced in the healthcare setup concerning diversity in relation to leadership and human resource management. If the information below exists, then it can be concluded that both leaders and human resource managers in the healthcare departments practice diversity management. Strength Opportunity Compliance There is diversity policies, procedures and code of conduct The healthcare system constantly meets the goals set by the management We use demographic information to ensure equity analysis Enhanced engagement through communication of the diversity policies, training of employees Composition We use multiple media channels for job advertisement and recruitment The recruiting committees have diversity requirements The hiring technique and interview process will include techniques that make candidates feel fre e and more welcome Competence Training is conducted on diversity awareness Activities that promote cultural awareness are conducted in the hospital setup Training in each and every department is seen to enhance competency in a collective way Improvement on the appraisal participation rate is required Culture Surveys on employees are constantly conducted, teamwork is part of the organization’s culture Diverse specific survey requires the leaders to follow up various actions plans on the modification of feedbacks consistently Communication Values of diversity are constantly communicated in vision, strategies, goals, and expectations Programs on diversity are constantly elaborated to employees through communication Improve employee to employee communication Provide diversity resource places for employees Ensure consistency between the plans and actions being implemented The measured diversity leads to the provision of feedback that gives more information on whether the diversity exists in the healthcare departments. Such feedbacks are summarized in the table below. The nurses and managers must indicate a tick on the feedback mechanism according to their views on its effectiveness. Feedback Mechanism Use Effectiveness Yes No Low Medium High Healthcare department assessment and cultural auditing Survey on employees Feedback and suggestion systems Training and evaluation Dialog between management and employees Embracing proper communication Required recruitment techniques and retention Embracing partnership and collaboration of other stakeholders or agencies Practicing of equity and fair distribution of benefits Patient satisfaction Conclusion The current healthcare departments are experiencing various diversity needs due to the changes in technology and globalization. As a result, most healthcare institutions are striving to ensure that positive working co nditions are provided. There is an increased need to value the differences that exist among nurses. This situation has been proven to promote a value-added attitude towards the provision of services in healthcare settings in tandem with the stipulated objectives and goals. Due to the embracement of diversity in leadership and management, the healthcare system ensures that the employees have equal access to opportunities. Various strategies are applied in the healthcare sector to solve problems such as workplace conflicts, discrimination, poor performance, and low morale since they are associated with poor diversity management. Effective management of workplace diversity, especially in the healthcare department, has been deemed fruitful as it ensures the achievement of long-term objectives and goals besides setting an effective competition gap in the global scenario. Some strategies have been elaborated extensively to ensure that the problems of diversity are solved. Such strategies include the use of inclusion techniques, good leadership, Balanced Workforce Framework (BWF), quality service delivery, and measuring of results. In this essay, it has been recommended that a measurable strategy of diversity such as the inclusion technique should be implemented in the hospital setup. The strategy promotes the overall performance of the organization by supporting the effective implementation of the communication and feedback channels, improved leadership, low turnover rates, effective ways of resolving conflicts, and improves allocation of clinical resources. The use of this technique is also realized to include employees from an array of diversity forms such as gender, race, age, skills, and personality among others. This situation has significantly benefited various healthcare facilities. It promotes the delivery of quality services and innovation among other advantages. Reference List Cifuentes, L., Murphy, K. (2000). Promoting multicultural understanding and pos itive self-concept through a distance learning community: Cultural connections. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(1), 69-83. Holton, J. (2001). Building trust and collaboration in a virtual team. Team performance management: an international journal, 7(4), 36-47. Holvino, E., Ferdman, B., Merrill-Sands, D. (2004). Creating and sustaining diversity and inclusion in organizations: Strategies and approaches. Retrieved from http://bernardoferdman.org/Articles/Holvino%20Ferdman%20and%20Merrill-Sands%202004.pdf Kaliski, B. (2007). Encyclopedia of Business and Finance. Detroit: Thompson Gale. Kochan, T., Bezrukova, K., Ely, R., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K.,†¦Thomas, D. (2003). The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of the diversity research network. Human resource management, 42(1), 3-21. McCarty Kilian, C., Hukai, D., Elizabeth McCarty, C. (2005). Building diversity in the pipeline to corporate leadership. Journal of Management Development, 2 4(2), 155-168. McKay, P., Avery, D., Morris, M. (2008). Mean racial†ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 349-374. Ommaya, A., Hahm, J. (2006). Opportunities to address clinical research workforce diversity needs for 2010. Atlanta, GA: National Academies Press. Robbins, S., Judge, T., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013). Organizational behavior. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. Vecchio, R. (2002). Leadership and gender advantage. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 643-671.

Free Essays on Spanish Inquisition3

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE INQUISITION After the Roman Church had consolidated its power in the early Middle Ages, heretics came to be regarded as enemies of society. The crime of heresy was defined as a deliberate denial of an article of truth of the Catholic faith, and a public and obst inate persistence in that alleged error. At this time, there was a sense of Christian unity among townspeople and rulers alike, and most of them agreed with the Church that heretics seemed to threated society itself. However, the repression of heresy remained unorganized, and with the large scale heresies in the 11th and 12th centuries, Pope Gregory IX instituted the papal inquisition in 1231 for the apprehension and trial of heretics. The name Inquisition is der ived from the Latin verb inquiro (inquire into). The Inquisitiors did not wait for complaints, but sought out persons accused of heresy. Although the Inquisition was created to combat the heretical Cathari and Waldenses, the Inquisition later extended i ts activity to include witches, diviners, blasphemers, and other sacrilegious persons. Another reason for Pope Gregory IX's creation of the Inquisition was to bring order and legality to the process of dealing with heresy, since there had been tendencies in the mobs of townspeople to burn alleged heretics without much of a trial. Pope Gregory's original intent for the Inquisition was a court of exception to inquire into and glean the beliefs of those differing from Catholic teaching, and to instruct them in the orthodox doctrine. It was hoped that heretics would see the falsity of the ir opinion and would return to the Roman Catholic Church. If they persisted in their heresy, however, Pope Gregory, finding it necessary to protect the Catholic community from infection would have suspects handed over to civil authorities since these her etics had violated not only Church law but civil law as well. The secular authorities would apply t... Free Essays on Spanish Inquisition3 Free Essays on Spanish Inquisition3 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE INQUISITION After the Roman Church had consolidated its power in the early Middle Ages, heretics came to be regarded as enemies of society. The crime of heresy was defined as a deliberate denial of an article of truth of the Catholic faith, and a public and obst inate persistence in that alleged error. At this time, there was a sense of Christian unity among townspeople and rulers alike, and most of them agreed with the Church that heretics seemed to threated society itself. However, the repression of heresy remained unorganized, and with the large scale heresies in the 11th and 12th centuries, Pope Gregory IX instituted the papal inquisition in 1231 for the apprehension and trial of heretics. The name Inquisition is der ived from the Latin verb inquiro (inquire into). The Inquisitiors did not wait for complaints, but sought out persons accused of heresy. Although the Inquisition was created to combat the heretical Cathari and Waldenses, the Inquisition later extended i ts activity to include witches, diviners, blasphemers, and other sacrilegious persons. Another reason for Pope Gregory IX's creation of the Inquisition was to bring order and legality to the process of dealing with heresy, since there had been tendencies in the mobs of townspeople to burn alleged heretics without much of a trial. Pope Gregory's original intent for the Inquisition was a court of exception to inquire into and glean the beliefs of those differing from Catholic teaching, and to instruct them in the orthodox doctrine. It was hoped that heretics would see the falsity of the ir opinion and would return to the Roman Catholic Church. If they persisted in their heresy, however, Pope Gregory, finding it necessary to protect the Catholic community from infection would have suspects handed over to civil authorities since these her etics had violated not only Church law but civil law as well. The secular authorities would apply t...

Constructivism and Problem Based Learning Annotated Bibliography

Constructivism and Problem Based Learning - Annotated Bibliography Example is particular investigation, emphasizes on practicality, while training professionals of different fields, but somehow, does not recommend that, for teaching in school. In the viewpoint of the current paper, children studying in school should also be given assignments, featuring various practical problems to solve, because by this method, their ability to analyze issues will groom, which is a required ability in all fields of life. Megalakaki, O., Sotiriou, S., Savas, S., & Manoussakis, Y. (2012). Problem-based Educational Environments: A Case Study in e-Commerce and Business Planning. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology 10(1) , 423-446 This study argues, that electronic learning facilities allow learners from various areas to develop their knowledge base, through providing them with integrated access to international libraries. At the same time, offer students an opportunity to consult with leading professionals. In this way, learners could develop in depth understanding of the practical issues of the field. However, in the light of above mentioned source, constructivism is an ideal methodology, while instructing medical students, because in this field problem based method could result in disastrous ramifications, without proper understanding of the medical knowledge. On the other hand, this research believes, that technological aids such as online videos are assisting; language instructors in making their students, learn various foreign languages. In teaching linguistics, professors should encourage their pupils to practice the language in their daily life, because this is the only way to learn, the art of communication, because, human mind initiates the process of self-correction, once the person starts talking in a non-native language. Nevertheless, theoretical background possesses a certain degree of importance in this regard, but ample amount of time should be allocated towards practical learning in the process of developing

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE - Essay Example They learned how to be competent experts on the job and according to them, real life education based on actual work experience will always trump academic competency because academics cannot prepare you to think on your feet and avoid non-textbook pitfalls on the job. Simply put, academic competence is what is expected of you once you enter the workforce as a rank and file employee. As you gain work experience, you earn points towards on the job competence. Maybe, you will even come to realize that some or most of the theories taught in classes will have to be thrown out the door on the job because it does not apply to the actual work. Thus, there will be times when theoretical competency will make you look like you do not know your job. Therefore, professional competence could be best defined by knowing when you throw out what you learned in school in order to achieve a higher competency skill on the

Marketing and Trasforming Business in Porcini's Company Case Study

Marketing and Trasforming Business in Porcini's Company - Case Study Example The company has also suffered stiff competition from Unos, Bertucci’s, and Buca di Beppo which try to offer the same products Porcini offers. This paper will, therefore, explore the marketing strategies that the company lacks in relation to customer focus and the 4P, Market target and expansion, and competition so as to be on the competitive advantage. The company has difficulties in choosing the right option for restaurant expansion to either undertake franchising or syndication. Ordinarily, the majority of the restaurant chains are considering new franchise agreements in their main avenue for growth where Porcini is not an exception.However, the restaurant has limited capital from restaurant-level operations to system-wide marketing and brand building. It should be noted that when the restaurant has no capital, it will be unwise for the business to go for a loan for expanding the business. This is because it will take time for the business to stabilize. Therefore, the cost of construction and leasing is normally shifted to franchisees which would likely bring outlets into operation more rapidly. This leads to expansion of the company. The restaurant is not vast with enforcing franchise standards. Normally, the franchise has a 20-year term with renewal at the franchisor’s option a 5% to 6% royalty on gross revenues and an upfront fee during franchising.Additionally, each franchisee is usually accountable for his own financing and this saves the finances of the company. Some franchisors often handle all expansion, including feasibility studies, market analysis, site selection, and construction themselves. Porcini does not have a construction department and this makes it hard for the company to avoid franchising. Therefore this is the best option for the company for it will increase the company profitability On the other hand, in syndication, the chain identifies purchases a number of sites, builds and furnishes a facility on each, then sells the  portfolio of properties to an investor group thereby recouping and recycling its capital.  

Family firm going public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Family firm going public - Essay Example The family business is flourishing in many developed and developing countries throughout the world. It is a particular breed of business that can be more clearly understood by keeping in mind the idea of two interconnecting but separate systems. The family and the business are two systems in that the goals, needs and tasks of each are not identical. Because of the ambiguous nature of the interconnection, problems can and do arise. Methods for sorting out the roles and rules for the two systems need to be consciously developed and understood (Bogod & Leach, 1999). The advantages of running a family business are worth reiterating. They bear closed resemblances to those voiced by entrepreneurs generally – a feeling of freedom, a provision of income and capital, a sense of creativity. Family businesses can be a satisfying way to provide a living and for family members to feel collectively rewarded for their personal sacrifices. Under the best of circumstances, the family firm can provide a basis for meaningful and enduring family connections. Although there are many advantages, the concept of family business is not free from disadvantages. One such disadvantage arises when the procurement of capital comes into picture. Few, family firms reach this stage, which comes about when the business needs additional capital to continue its operations (Sitorus, 2001). Capital is procured by going public, usually concurrent with the introduction of professional management.... referred to as the primary market and the subsequent trading as the secondary market (Monteith, 1995). It is important to an economy that both markets operate efficiently. Similarly, a liquid a transparent secondary market will encourage investors to participate in the stock market and should again increase the availability of equity capital and lower investors' required returns. (Sitorus, 2001) Until recently limited liability was only available to limited companies, which ruled out sole traders because the company had to have at least two shareholders (Kline, 1994). Many traders go round this by setting up private limited companies, with another member of the family holding nominal accounts of shares to qualify for company status. They remained, in reality, one person business. There is now the possibility of limited liability for shareholders companies. There is no upper limit to the number of shareholders. Many family businesses are organized as limited companies but others prefer the informality of remaining unregistered (Marchisio, 2003). Many family businesses have been started on this basis and some have grown to considerable size within this format. The main limitation is that shares cannot be made available to the public, which restricts the company's power to raise additional capital through new shares (Bogod, 1999).By inviting members of the public to subscribe to the business, it enjoys much wider opportunities to raise funds. Going public also gives existing shareholders greater liquidity as they can now realize the value of their shares by selling them on the open market (Newman, 1985). Since the shareholders in a family

See Below Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Family firm going public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Family firm going public - Essay Example The family business is flourishing in many developed and developing countries throughout the world. It is a particular breed of business that can be more clearly understood by keeping in mind the idea of two interconnecting but separate systems. The family and the business are two systems in that the goals, needs and tasks of each are not identical. Because of the ambiguous nature of the interconnection, problems can and do arise. Methods for sorting out the roles and rules for the two systems need to be consciously developed and understood (Bogod & Leach, 1999). The advantages of running a family business are worth reiterating. They bear closed resemblances to those voiced by entrepreneurs generally – a feeling of freedom, a provision of income and capital, a sense of creativity. Family businesses can be a satisfying way to provide a living and for family members to feel collectively rewarded for their personal sacrifices. Under the best of circumstances, the family firm can provide a basis for meaningful and enduring family connections. Although there are many advantages, the concept of family business is not free from disadvantages. One such disadvantage arises when the procurement of capital comes into picture. Few, family firms reach this stage, which comes about when the business needs additional capital to continue its operations (Sitorus, 2001). Capital is procured by going public, usually concurrent with the introduction of professional management.... referred to as the primary market and the subsequent trading as the secondary market (Monteith, 1995). It is important to an economy that both markets operate efficiently. Similarly, a liquid a transparent secondary market will encourage investors to participate in the stock market and should again increase the availability of equity capital and lower investors' required returns. (Sitorus, 2001) Until recently limited liability was only available to limited companies, which ruled out sole traders because the company had to have at least two shareholders (Kline, 1994). Many traders go round this by setting up private limited companies, with another member of the family holding nominal accounts of shares to qualify for company status. They remained, in reality, one person business. There is now the possibility of limited liability for shareholders companies. There is no upper limit to the number of shareholders. Many family businesses are organized as limited companies but others prefer the informality of remaining unregistered (Marchisio, 2003). Many family businesses have been started on this basis and some have grown to considerable size within this format. The main limitation is that shares cannot be made available to the public, which restricts the company's power to raise additional capital through new shares (Bogod, 1999).By inviting members of the public to subscribe to the business, it enjoys much wider opportunities to raise funds. Going public also gives existing shareholders greater liquidity as they can now realize the value of their shares by selling them on the open market (Newman, 1985). Since the shareholders in a family

Phenomenological, ground theory and ethnographic differences Essay

Phenomenological, ground theory and ethnographic differences - Essay Example Despite the strong similarities, grounded theory and phenomenology have several differences. One of the differences is based on sources of data and method of data collection. Grounded theory utilizes any data and explanations that contribute to knowledge acquisition in a particular study. In essence, grounded theory admits any information that is relevant to the study. Methods used in data collection include interviews, observations, and secondary sources. On the other hand, a phenomenological approach uses data from people who have real life experience with the question at hand (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2012). The approach discriminates data from other sources. This means that the approach uses historical facts. Thus, data is often extracted using interviews. The discussion shows that the two approaches have a high similarity index. The similarity is visible in data collection and analysis in that both methods seek to make conclusions based on descriptions from the raw information. However, the approaches are different in terms of sources of data. Grounded theory utilizes data from any sources whereas phenomenological data uses data from persons who have experience with the aspect under

Meaning of meme an eipiphiny Essay Example for Free

Meaning of meme an eipiphiny Essay The word mehme means; m-meaning, e-emotional, h-humanistic, m- methodical e- experience. It is a rhyme of ‘meme’. On the other hand, that worked ‘Eipiphiny’ is corrupted from the word ‘epiphany’. Epiphany means (a) ‘a sudden manifestation or perception of the essential nature or meaning of something’ (b) ‘an intuitive grasp of reality through an event usually simple and striking’,’ an illuminating discovery, realization or disclosure’ (c) ‘a revealing scene or moment’ Eipiphiny represents ‘stochastic / mathematical epiphany. ’ Its components are mathematical constants, ‘e’, ‘pi’, ‘phi’ and non- existent number ‘I’ which if not discovered the world today may be non-existant. ‘e’ and ‘I’, represent ‘emotional intelligence’, which is of importance when discussing our mission. (Richard, 1990) The kind of cultural value changes that would be necessary for this evolution of value memes to occur may be having nothing to do with meme. Cultural change is all about being dynamic to meet the changing demands of society. The ability to learn new tricks will enhance cultural change. It will assist us appreciate each others culture and be accommodative of new ideas technological advancement, change of styles and fashion, new economic trends as well. Meme may not be practical in the modern world. A good environment of acquire, ideas is where an individual is not tied down to unimportant procedures but where he is left to pursue what they are motivated to do. To fit in the changing world, it is mandatory to keep abreast with the latest in technology and set realistic and achievable goals or aims. KOZOL’S ‘SAVAGE INEQUALITIES’ The book ‘Savage Inequalities’ was written in 1991 by Kozol Jonathan. The book talks about education gaps between institutions or schools where different classes and races exist. His views are based on observations he made in the system of public schools of Washington D. C. , Camden, Chicago and New York City. These observations were taken in school, which have the lowest spending (per capital) on student and those which have highest spending. Kozol has given some factors, which have contributed to poor education system for instance lack of basic tools for teaching, understaffed environment, congestion and poor sanitation. The worst hit is the minorities who are usually allocated the lowest budgets annually. This is done without considering that the people who live in extreme poverty with school district are taxed highly. Cited in his book, are the cases, which are filed against such poor schools. The districts affected are Jersey City, Camden, Orange and Irvington. The judges no longer adhere to the law of state but instead they side with concerned locals and children. Kozol also compares the present conditions that minorities are supposed to learn in. There are other historical cases that he mentions whereby the results are not just system of funds in terms of taxation and distribution. Another serious problem mentioned in his book is racial segregation in the education system of America. This problem is heightened by the inequalities, which are obvious in the distribution of funds, which are collected via property taxes. Some historical cases are Plessy vs Fergusson and Board of Education vs Brown, Bradley vs. , Miliken and Rodriguez, vs. , San Antonio. The poor education system has been in America for too long and yet only the minorities are affected. The length of time within which these policies have been practiced has made it to become part of their education system,. To some extent, this form of system can be related to ‘meme’. The Oxford English dictionary describes it as a self-replicating element of culture, passed on by imitation’. Going by this definition we can conclude that the poor education system has replicated itself over time and has become part of their culture. JOHATHAH KOZOL Kozol, was born on 5th September 1936 in Massachusetts Boston. He is an educator, a non-fiction writer and activist. He is well known for books on public education in U. S. Kozol graduated in 1954 in Greenough and in 1958 at Harvard University with English Literature degree. Kozol received Rhodes scholarship to join Magdalon College. For some reasons, he could not complete the leadership since he traveled to Paris because he wanted to start writing a novel,. It took Kozol four years writing ‘The Fume of Poppies’, a fiction book. Jonathan has also held 2 Guggenheim Fellowship and has been a Rockefeller foundation Fellow. He has also been involved in social psychology field. Currently he is on the Editorial Board of Greater Good Magazine. Kozol has been very active in propagating for public education that is fully integrated in the U.S He has never ceased to condemn education inequalities and has spoken unrelentingly regarding segregation of Hispanic and black children from children by the white in public schools which are segregated. Jonathan’s argues form an ethical point of view and he makes heavy comparisons between poor schools and rich schools. Particularly, he makes an analysis of the money that is spent on each child. He discovers that per child spending annually is very high, that is, they pay a figure that is slightly above $20,000 every year for every child in a district. His question is whether it is fair that a person’s place of birth should be a determinant on a person’s quality of education. He has shown deep commitment towards improvement of American public schools and has therefore founded and is in charge of a non-profit Education Action. His group is devoted to organize teachers all over the country who may be interested to push back Supreme Court decisions against NCLB, and assist in making an excellent, single and unified system in all public schools in America. (Jonathan, 1992). Dawkins has used ‘meme’ to signify a cultural entity, for example an idea, a song or religion that can be considered as a replicator by an observer. In his hypothesis, he indicated that it was possible for people to look at numerous cultural entities as copiers or replicators. They generally make copies via exposure to human beings, who evolved efficiently though not perfectly in terms of behaviour and information. It is not common for memes to be perfectly copied. They might become combined, refined or modified with different ideas, which results to other new memes. The new memes may prove to be efficient in replicating than those that preceded them. This provides a framework for cultural evolution hypothesis, which is analogous to biological evolution of genes. CRITICISMS OF DAWKINS THEORY (SOCIOCULTURAL) The contemporarily sociocultural evolution has rejected a big part of ‘classical social evolution’. This is due to a number of theoretical setbacks. Firstly, the theory was believed to be ethnocentric (makes heavy judgments on various societies, and favours western civilization. Secondly it made a general assumption that all cultures must have same goals and must also progress the same way. Thirdly his theory-equated materials culture for example, cities and technologies with civilization. Fourthly, it also equated fitness/progress with evolution. This was based on gross misunderstanding of theory evolution. Lastly, the evidence produced contradicts the theory. Many primitive societies are believed to be more democratic, peaceful and equitable as compared to many contemporary societies. They are also regarded as healthier in terms of ecology and diet. The social evolution is classified as a science theory. It has been used to give support to unjust social practices believed to be racist especially slavery, colonialism and unbalanced conditions of economy which are present in the industrialized Europe. Darwinism social theory is very much criticized since it was responsible for some philosophies, which were used by Nazis. (Jonathan, 1992). EFFECTS OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY The thought of evolution has brought about considerable social effects. With the development of scientific theories, most explanations have displaced some alternatives, which have been widely held. Since evolution theory includes explanations of origins of humanity, it has great impact on the societies of humans. (Jobson, 1998) Evolution of culture has punctuated equilibrium, which was developed by Gould and Eldredge for evolution that is biological. According to Bloomfield, most human societies have equilibrium, which is punctuated. This would first mean a society, which is stable and a transition, which results to a stable society that is more complex. The human society status is pegged on food production productivity. Deevey reported that food productivity does not change much of stable societies but it increases during transitions. CONCLUSION Some scholars have harshly criticized Dawkin’s theory of ‘selfish Genes’. His theory is being described as absurd and it is even more difficult for a person to know where to begin criticizing his concept. The idea that the idea of selfish gene is discredited however is foolish, since his concept has received a lot of acknowledgement on its anniversary 30 years after its publication. We might be hoping too much that a person has the ability to come up with an argument touching on our lives or say something that proves he has an understanding of the framework of the selfish gene. We can only take his explanation for it. Rmj, brought forward some arguments against The Selfish Gene. He argues that Dawkins lacks understanding of religion, philosophy of religion and theology. In his book, Dawkins does not refer to any religion philosopher. This generally shows his deliberate ignorance of his topic. Other people have strongly supported the ‘selfish gene theory’. An Indian Bay states that we basically are selfish. We would not survive if we were not selfish. It is selfishness that gives us the desire to survive. The truth is genes could be selfish but human beings have gradually evolved to become social. Currently, Darwinian’s view incorporates an understanding and states cooperation are part and parcel of the genetic heritage. REFERENCES Jonathan, K (1992) Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s schools, Harper Perennial Library, US. Jonathan, K (1982) Alternative schools: A guide for Educators and parents, Harper Perennial Library, U. S. Jobson, C (1998) Our Genes Excel Publishers, Canada. Richard, D(1990) The selfish Gene, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. US.

Theorems Related To Mersenne Primes Mathematics Essay

Theorems Related To Mersenne Primes Mathematics Essay Introduction: In the past many use to consider that the numbers of the type 2p-1 were prime for all primes numbers which is p, but when Hudalricus Regius (1536) clearly established that 211-1 = 2047 was not prime because it was divisible by 23 and 83 and later on Pietro Cataldi (1603) had properly confirmed about 217-1 and 219-1 as both give prime numbers but also inaccurately declared that 2p-1 for 23, 29, 31 and 37 gave prime numbers. Then Fermat (1640) proved Cataldi was wrong about 23 and 37 and Euler (1738) showed Cataldi was also incorrect regarding 29 but made an accurate conjecture about 31. Then after this extensive history of this dilemma with no accurate result we saw the entry of Martin Mersenne who declared in the introduction of his Cogitata Physica-Mathematica (1644) that the numbers 2p-1 were prime for:- p= 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 67, 127 and 257 and for  other positive integers where p So simply the definition is when 2p-1 forms a prime number it is recognized to be a Mersenne prime. Many years later with new numbers being discovered belonging to Mersenne Primes there are still many fundamental questions about Mersenne primes which remain unresolved. It is still not identified whether Mersenne primes is infinite or finite. There are still many aspects, functions it performs and applications of Mersenne primes that are still unfamiliar With this concept in mind the focus of my extended essay would be: What are Mersenne Primes and it related functions? The reason I choose this topic was because while researching on my extended essay topics and I came across this part which from the beginning intrigued me and it gave me the opportunity to fill this gap as very little was taught about these aspects in our school and at the same time my enthusiasm to learn something new through research on this topic. Through this paper I will explain what are Mersenne primes and certain theorems, related to other aspects and its application that are related with it. Theorems Related to Mersenne Primes: p is prime only if 2p  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is prime. Proof: If p is composite then it can be written as p=x*y with x, y > 1. 2xy-1= (2x-1)*(1+2x+22x+23x+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..+2(b-1)a) Thus we have got 2xy à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 as a product of integers > 1. If n is an odd prime, then any prime m that divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be 1 plus a multiple of 2n. This holds even when 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is prime. Examples: Example I: 25 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 31 is prime, and 31 is multiple of (2ÃÆ'-5) +1 Example II: 211 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 23ÃÆ'-89, where 23 = 1 + 2ÃÆ'-11, and 89 = 1 + 8ÃÆ'-11. Proof: If m divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 then 2n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). By Fermats Theorem we know that 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). Assume n and m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 are comparatively prime which is similar to Fermats Theorem that states that (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)(n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n). Hence there is a number x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)(n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2) for which (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) ·x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod n), and thus a number k for which (m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) ·x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = kn. Since 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m), raising both sides of the congruence to the power x gives 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1, and since 2n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m), raising both sides of the congruence to the power k gives 2kn à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1. Thus 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x/2kn = 2(m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ kn à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m). But by meaning, ( m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1)x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ kn = 1 which implies that 21 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ 1 (mod m) which means that m divides 1. Thus the first conjecture that n and m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 are relatively prime is unsustainable. Since n is prime m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 have to be a multiple of n. Note: This information provides a confirmation of the infinitude of primes different from Euclids Theorem which states that if there were finitely many primes, with n being the largest, we have a contradiction because every prime dividing 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be larger than n. If n is an odd prime, then any prime m that divides 2n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 must be congruent to +/-1 (mod 8). Proof: 2n + 1 = 2(mod m), so 2(n + 1) / 2 is a square root of 2 modulo m. By quadratic reciprocity, any prime modulo which 2 has a square root is congruent to +/-1 (mod 8). A Mersenne prime cannot be a Wieferich prime. Proof: We show if p = 2m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is a Mersenne prime, then the congruence does not satisfy. By Fermats Little theorem, m | p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1. Now write, p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = mÃŽÂ ». If the given congruence satisfies, then p2 | 2mÃŽÂ » à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1, therefore Hence 2m à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 | ÃŽÂ », and therefore . This leads to , which is impossible since . The Lucas-Lehmer Test Mersenne prime are found using the following theorem: For n an odd prime, the Mersenne number 2n-1 is a prime if and only if 2n -1 divides S(p-1) where S(p+1) = S(p)2-2, and S(1) = 4. The assumption for this test was initiated by Lucas (1870) and then made into this straightforward experiment by Lehmer (1930). The progression S(n) is calculated modulo 2n-1 to conserve time.   This test is perfect for binary computers since the division by 2n-1 (in binary) can only be completed using rotation and addition. Lists of Known Mersenne Primes: After the discovery of the first few Mersenne Primes it took more than two centuries with rigorous verification to obtain 47 Mersenne primes. The following table below lists all recognized Mersenne primes:- It is not well-known whether any undiscovered Mersenne primes present between the 39th and the 47th from the above table; the position is consequently temporary as these numbers werent always discovered in their increasing order. The following graph shows the number of digits of the largest known Mersenne primes year wise. Note: The vertical scale is logarithmic. Factorization The factorization of a prime number is by meaning itself the prime number itself. Now if talk about composite numbers. Mersenne numbers are excellent investigation cases for the particular number field sieve algorithm, so frequently that the largest figure they have factorized with this has been a Mersenne number. 21039 1 (2007) is the record-holder after estimating took with the help of a couple of hundred computers, mostly at NTT in Japan and at EPFL in Switzerland and yet the time period for calculation was about a year. The special number field sieve can factorize figures with more than one large factor. If a number has one huge factor then other algorithms can factorize larger figures by initially finding the answer of small factors and after that making a primality test on the cofactor. In 2008 the largest Mersenne number with confirmed prime factors is 217029 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 418879343 ÃÆ'- p, where p was prime which was confirmed with ECPP. The largest with possible pr ime factors allowed is 2684127 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 = 23765203727 ÃÆ'- q, where q is a likely prime. Generalization: The binary depiction of 2p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 is the digit 1 repeated p times. A Mersenne prime is the base 2 repunit primes. The base 2 depiction of a Mersenne number demonstrates the factorization example for composite exponent. Examples in binary notation of the Mersenne prime would be: 25à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 = 111112 235à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 = (111111111111111111111111111111)2 Mersenne Primes and Perfect Numbers Many were anxious with the relationship of a two sets of different numbers as two how they can be interconnected. One such connection that many people are concerned still today is Mersenne primes and Perfect Numbers. When a positive integer that is the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is, the sum of the positive divisors excluding the number itself then is it said to be known as Perfect Numbers. Equivalently, a perfect number is a number that is half the sum of all of its positive divisors. There are said to be two types of perfect numbers: 1) Even perfect numbers- Euclid revealed that the first four perfect numbers are generated by the formula 2nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1(2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1): n = 2:    2(4 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 6 n = 3:    4(8 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 28 n = 5:    16(32 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 496 n = 7:    64(128 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1) = 8128. Noticing that 2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is a prime number in each instance, Euclid proved that the formula 2nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1(2n  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1) gives an even perfect number whenever 2p  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  1 is prime 2) Odd perfect numbers- It is unidentified if there might be any odd perfect numbers. Various results have been obtained, but none that has helped to locate one or otherwise resolve the question of their existence. An example would be the first perfect number that is 6. The reason for this is so since 1, 2, and 3 are its proper positive divisors, and 1  +  2  +  3  =  6. Equivalently, the number 6 is equal to half the sum of all its positive divisors: (1  +  2  +  3  +  6)  /  2  =  6. Few Theorems related with Perfect numbers and Mersenne primes: Theorem One: z is an even perfect number if and only if it has the form 2n-1(2n-1) and 2n-1 is a prime. Suppose first that   p = 2n-1 is a prime number, and set l = 2n-1(2n-1).   To show l is perfect we need only show sigma(l) = 2l.   Since sigma is multiplicative and sigma(p) = p+1 = 2n, we know sigma(n) = sigma(2n-1).sigma(p) =  (2n-1)2n = 2l. This shows that l is a perfect number. On the other hand, suppose l is any even perfect number and write l as 2n-1m where m is an odd integer and n>2.   Again sigma is multiplicative so sigma(2n-1m) = sigma(2n-1).sigma(m) = (2n-1).sigma(m). Since l is perfect we also know that sigma(l) = 2l = 2nm. Together these two criteria give 2nm = (2n-1).sigma(m), so 2n-1 divides 2nm hence 2n-1 divides m, say m = (2n-1)M.   Now substitute this back into the equation above and divide by 2n-1 to get 2nM = sigma(m).   Since m and M are both divisors of m we know that 2nM = sigma(m) > m + M = 2nM, so sigma(m) = m + M.   This means that m is prime and its only two divisors are itself (m) and one (M).   Thus m = 2n-1 is a prime and we have prove that the number l has the prescribed form. Theorem Two: n will also be a prime if 2n-1 is a prime. Proof: Let r and s be positive integers, then the polynomial xrs-1 is xs-1 times xs(r-1) + xs(r-2) + + xs + 1.   So if n is composite (say r.s with 1 Theorem Three:   Let n and m be primes. If q divides Mn = 2n-1, then q = +/-1 (mod 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and  q = 2kn + 1 for some integer k. Proof: If p divides Mq, then 2q  =  1 (mod p) and the order of 2 (mod p) divides the prime q, so it must be q.   By Fermats Little Theorem the order of 2 also divides p-1, so p-1  =  2kq.   This gives 2(p-1)/2 = 2qk = 1 (mod p) so 2 is a quadratic residue mod p and it follows p = +/-1 (mod 8), which completes the proof. Theorem Four: If p = 3 (mod 4) be prime and then 2p+1 is also prime only if 2p+1 divides 2p-1. Proof: Suppose q = 2p+1 is prime. q  =  7 (mod  8) so 2 is a quadratic residue modulo q and it follows that there is an integer n such that n2  =  2 (mod  q). This shows 2p = 2(q-1)/2 = nq-1 = 1 (mod q), showing q divides Mp.       Conversely, let 2p+1 be a factor of Mp. Suppose, for proof by contradiction, that 2p+1 is composite and let q be its least prime factor. Then 2p  =  1 (mod  q) and the order of 2 modulo q divides both p and q-1, hence p divides q-1. This shows q  >  p and it follows (2p+1) + 1 > q2 > p2 which is a contradiction since p > 2. Theorem Five: When we add the digits of any even perfect number with the exception of 6 and then sum the digits of the resulting number and keep doing it again until we get a single digit which will be one. Examples. 28  ¬10  ¬ 1, 496  ¬ 19  ¬ 10  ¬ 1, and 8128  ¬ 19  ¬10  ¬ 1 Proof: Let s(n) be the sum of the digits of n. It is easy to see that s(n) = n (mod 9). So to prove the theorem, we need only show that perfect numbers are congruent to one modulo nine. If n is a perfect number, then n has the form 2p-1(2p-1) where p is prime which see in the above theorem one. So p is either 2, 3, or is congruent to 1 or 5 modulo 6. Note that we have excluded the case p=2 (n=6). Finally, modulo nine, the powers of 2 repeat with period 6 (that is, 26 = 1 (mod 9)), so modulo nine n is congruent to one of the three numbers 21-1(21-1), 23-1(23-1), or 25-1(25-1), which are all 1 (mod 9). Conjectures and Unsolved Problems: Does an odd perfect number exist?   We have so far known that even perfect numbers are 2n-1(2n-1)from the Theorem One above, but what about odd perfect numbers?   If there is an odd perfect number, then it has to follow certain conditions:- To be a perfect square times an odd power of a single prime; It is divisible by at least eight primes and has to have at least 75 prime factors with at least 9 distinct It has at least 300 decimal digits and it has a prime divisor greater that 1020. Are there infinite numbers of Mersenne primes?   The answer is probably yes because of the harmonic sequence deviation. The New Mersenne Conjecture: P. T. Bateman, J. L. Selfridge and Wagstaff, Jr., S. S., have conjectured the following:- Let n be any odd natural number. If two of the following statements hold, subsequently so does the third: n = 2p+/-1  Ã‚   or  Ã‚   n = 4p+/-3 2n-1 is a prime (2n+1)/3 is a prime. Are all Mersenne number 2n-1 square free? This is kind of like an open question to which the answer is still not known and hence it cannot be called a conjecture. It is simple to illustrate that if the square of a prime n divides a Mersenne, then p is a Wieferich prime which are uncommon!   Only two are acknowledged lower than 4,000,000,000,000 and none of these squared divide a Mersenne.    If C0 = 2, then let C1 = 2C0-1, C2 = 2C1-1, C3 = 2C2-1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ then are all of these prime numbers?   Dickson Catalan (1876) responded to Lucas stating 2127-1 (which is C4) being a prime with this sequence: C0 = 2 (which is a prime) C1 = 3 (which is a prime) C2 = 7 (which is a prime) C3 = 127 (which is a prime) C4 = 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 (which is a prime) C5 > 1051217599719369681875006054625051616349 (is C5 a prime or not?) It looks as if it will not be very likely that C5 or further larger terms would be prime number.   If there is a single composite term in this series, then by theorem one each and every one of the following terms would be composite.   Are there more double-Mersenne primes? Another general misunderstanding was that if n=Mp is prime, then so is Mn; Lets assume this number Mn to be MMp which would be a double-Mersenne.  As we apply this to the first four such numbers we get prime numbers: MM2 = 2(4  -1) -1= 23-1  Ã‚   =  7 MM3 =  2(8-1)-1  Ã‚   =  127 MM5 =  2(32-1)-1  =  2147483647, MM7 =  2(128-1)-1 =  170141183460469231731687303715884105727. Application of Mersenne Prime: In computer science, unspecified p-bit integers can be utilized to express numbers up to Mp. In the mathematical problem Tower of Hanoi is where the Mersenne primes are used. It is a mathematical puzzle consisting of three rods, and a number of disks of different sizes, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle begins with the disks in ascending order of size on the first rod, the largest at the bottom to the smallest at the top. A diagram given below illustrates the Tower of Hanoi. The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following rules: Only one disk may be moved at a time. Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and sliding it onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod. No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk. Now to solve this game with a p-disc tower needs the minimum of Mp no of steps, where p is the no of disc used in the Tower of Hanoi and if we use the formula of Mersenne then we get the required result. An example of this would be if there were 5 discs involved in this Tower of Hanoi then the least number of steps required to finish this game would be 31 steps minimum. Conclusion After investigating the entire aspects, functions, and few applications of Mersenne Primes I believe that there is still many unsolved theories when it comes to Mersenne primes. These primes are also useful to investigates much further and deeper into the number system and help us to understand more sets of numbers such as Fermat prime, Wieferich prime, Wagstaff prime, Solinas prime etc.

The Escape Theme in Sonny’s Blues and The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin

Escape in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin and Huck in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Both the narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin and Huck in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain feel the urge to escape from their reality as a means of attaining happiness and finding their way in life. However, their reasons for escaping are completely different and so are the ways in which they manage to do so. The aim of this essay is, therefore, to discuss the how and why the Narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† and Huck escape. We will start by briefly looking into both characters’ backgrounds in order to be able to understand the reasons and circumstances that led them to escape. First, it is worth mentioning that while â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† takes place in New York in the mid 20th century, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is mostly set in the Mississippi River (as it runs deep into the south) before the American Civil War in the mid 19th century. Despite the fact that the Narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† and Huck belong to different places and times, both societies in which they live are plagued with discrimination against black people who are regarded as second class citizens having to endure violence and injustices from the white community . Both characters belong to low social class families. However, the Narrator in â€Å"Sonny’s blues† is a black middle aged, well educated man who has a family whereas Huck is a white child of about 12 years of age who is une...

Jihad: Moving Beyound Cultural Biases and Misconceptions Essay

The concept of Jihad was not widely known in the western world before the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. Since then, the word has been woven into what our media and government feed us along with notions of Terrorism, Suicide Bombings, Hamas, Al-Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden, and now, Jihad. Our society hears exhortations resounding from the Middle East calling the people to rise up in Jihad and beat back the imperialist Americans. Yet, if we try to peel back all of these complex layers of information we can we attempt to find out what Jihad really means. Webster’s Dictionary defines Jihad as â€Å"a holy war waged on behalf of Islam as a religious duty or a crusade for a principle or belief† (1). Often, media depicts Jihad in the same manner—as a vicious clash between two very different peoples, each of whom believes that righteousness, and in many cases God, is on their side. From this interpretation and our daily media intake, one may re asonably assume that Jihad refers to nothing more than violent acts, or â€Å"holy wars.† While there is no precise definition of the term, the meaning of Jihad is far more complex. In fact, the term Jihad generally refers to the struggle one must undertake as one â€Å"strive[s] in the path of God† (Church 110). That struggle is defined both externally and internally. As so, they are classified in terms of an external struggle with enemies or non believers, or an internal struggle with oneself to reject greed and temptation. While popular opinion has been misconstrued to see Jihad as a malevolent, violent action; a serious investigation of the term’s historical and religious background reveals a multi-defined word. An examination of the Jihad’s etymological context will lend a k... ... As Americans, we must approach Jihad with sensitivity, an admission of our ignorance on the subject, and an earnest attempt to properly educate ourselves. Works Cited Church, Kenneth. â€Å"Jihad.† Collateral Language. Ed. John Collins and Ross Glover. New York: NYU Press, 2000. 109-123. Engineer, Asghar Ali. â€Å"The Real Meanings of Jihad.† December 2001. 1 October 2003.Husaq, Nina. E-mail to the author. 19 October 2003. Juergensmeyer, Mark. Terror In The Mind Of God. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (6th Edition) Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 1999.Rogers-Melnick, Ann. â€Å"Jihad Misused, Misunderstood.† Post-Gazette 23 September 2001. 2 October 2003. The Qu’ran. LXI:11, p.398; IX:41, p.149. Witham, Larry. â€Å"Muslims See Wordplay as Swordplay in Terrorism War.† The Washington Post. 24 July 2002. 3 October 2003.