What Is Air Pollution

The term air pollution is used so commonly that you may not think definitions are necessary. But the issue is more complicated than it first appears.   Ask most people to define air pollution, and their first response is to describe  smog,  the smelly stuff that turns the air brown or gray and hovers over urban centers like Los Angeles, Mexico City, and Beijing. Even here, though, definitions vary. Some sources define smog as the presence of unnatural levels of ground-level ozone, while other sources say things like fog mixed with smoke. A more modern and precise definition is a photochemical haze caused by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmosphere polluted with hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen especially from automobile exhaust. Officially, air pollution can be defined as the presence of harmful substances in the air, either particulates or microscopic biologic molecules, that pose health hazards to living organisms, such as people, animals or plants. Air pollution comes in many  forms and may include a number of different pollutants and toxins in various combinations. Air pollution is far more than a nuisance or inconvenience. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution causes the deaths of approximately 4.2 million people annually worldwide. What Constitutes Air Pollution? The two most widespread types of air pollution are the  ozone  and particle pollution (soot), but air pollution also may include serious pollutants such as carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and toxins such as mercury, arsenic, benzene, formaldehyde, and acid gases. Most of these pollutants are man-made, but some air pollution is due to natural causes, such as ash from volcanic eruptions.   The specific composition of air pollution in a particular location depends primarily on the source or sources of pollution. Automobile exhaust, coal-fired power plants, industrial factories, and other pollution sources all spew different types of pollutants and toxins into the air. While we think of air pollution as a condition describing outside air, the air quality within your home is equally important. Cooking vapors, carbon monoxide from heating appliances, off-gassing of formaldehyde and other chemicals from furniture and construction materials, and secondhand tobacco smoke are all potentially dangerous forms of indoor air pollution.   Air Pollution and Your Health Air pollution hovers at unhealthy levels in almost every major U.S. city, interfering with people’s ability to breathe, causing or aggravating many serious health conditions, and placing lives at risk. Many cities worldwide face the same issues, especially in so-called emerging economies such as China and India, where cleaner technologies are not yet in standard usage.   Breathing ozone, particle pollution or other types of air pollution can seriously damage your health. Inhaling ozone can irritate your lungs, resulting in something like a bad sunburn within the lungs, according to the American Lung Association. Breathing particle pollution (soot) can increase your risk of heart attack, stroke and early death, and it may necessitate emergency-room visits for people with asthma, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A great many cancers are traced to chemical air pollutants.   Air pollution is also a problem in developing countries that are not yet fully industrialized. More than half the worlds population still cook their meals with wood, dung, coal or other solid fuels over open fires or on primitive stoves inside their homes, breathing high levels of pollutants such as particulate pollution and carbon monoxide, which results in 1.5 million unnecessary deaths every year. Who Is Most at Risk? The health risks of air pollution are greatest among infants and young children, older adults and people with respiratory diseases such as asthma. People who work or exercise outside also face increased health risks from the effects of air pollution, along with people who live or work near busy highways, factories or power plants. In addition, minorities and people with low incomes are often disproportionately affected by air pollution because of where they live, which places them at higher risk for illnesses related to air pollution. Low-income populations often live near industrial or inner-city zones where factories, utilities, and other industrial sources may create unusually high levels of air pollution.   Air Pollution and the Health of the Planet If air pollution affects humans, it of course also may also have an impact on animals and plant life. Many animal species are threatened by high levels of air pollution, and weather conditions created by air pollution affect both animal and plant life. For example, acid rain caused by the  burning  of fossil fuels has radically changed the nature of forests in the U.S. Northeast, upper  Midwest, and Northwest. And it is now indisputable that air pollution causes shifts in global weather patterns — the  raising  of global temperatures, the melting of polar ice sheets and the coming rise in ocean water levels.   How Can Air Pollution Be Reduced? The evidence is clear that our personal choices and industrial practices can affect the levels of air pollution. Cleaner industrial technologies are shown to lower air pollution levels, and it can be demonstrated that anytime more primitive industrial practices increase, so do levels of dangerous air pollution. Here are some of the obvious ways that humans can, and have reduced air pollution:   Reduction of fossil fuel burning in favor of renewable energy sources. Nations that obtain their electrical power from nuclear, hydroelectric, solar and wind power have lower pollution levels than those that favor the burning of coal or natural gas.  Improved gas mileage in automobiles and the introduction of electric-powered vehicles. California, for example, once plagued with dangerous smog, has greatly improved its air quality through tight controls on automobile emissions standards. Similarly, reduction in the use of other internal combustion engines can reduce air pollution. The shift to battery-operated or electric lawn mowers and lawn equipment, for example, has a demonstrable effect on air quality.  Reduction in agricultural burning — the method of clearing forested areas for agriculture — can reduce the level of smoke and carbon dioxide in the air. This is a particular problem in developing countries.  Reducing wood burning can also reduce levels of smoke in the air. In some communities, wood fireplaces are now outlawed, greatly reducing dangerous levels of smoke in the air. Gas fireplaces are better than wood-burners, and even better are electric fireplaces that burn no fuels at all.  Indoor air quality is improved when tobacco smoking is restricted by ordinance. Citizen pressure to restrict smoking in public places has a real effect on air quality.  Reduction of chemical compounds in paints, adhesives, and solvents has improved the quality of indoor and outdoor air. Always look for low VOC materials for home improvements, and where practical, opt for water-based rather than solvent-based paints and other materials. Look for carpets, fabrics, and furniture that dont off-gas dangerous fumes.   Controlling pollution is possible, but it requires the individual and political will to do so, and these efforts must constantly be balanced with economic realities, as green technologies are often more expensive, especially when they are first introduced. Such choices are in the hands of each individual: for example, do you buy a cheap but dirty automobile or an expensive electric car? Or are jobs for coal miners more important than clean air?  These complex questions are not easily answered by individuals or governments, but they are questions that should be considered and debated with eyes open to the real effects of air pollution.

Contemporary Issues Of Accounting ( Theory ) Essay

Contemporary Issues in Accounting (Theory) One of the most debatable or contentious issues in the accounting is measurement. While the objective of general purpose financial reporting is to generate information that is beneficial to decision makers external to the organization, there is no agreement on the most appropriate measurement to use. The various stakeholders in this field continue to disagree on the most suitable measurement model to use to achieve the objective of general purpose accounting. In addition, many new students beginning their studies in this profession are increasingly unaware that they will come across different measurement models in their studies. Actually, most of them assume that measurement of something will be the least of their problems. However, measurement remains one of the major issues that they will need to address throughout their program of study. In order to understand the measurement dilemma in accounting for first year students, it is vita l to examine the nature of measurement. What is Measurement? Measurement can simply be defined as the act or process of measuring or calculating. The other synonyms of measuring include quantifying, weighting, a unit for stating the weight and size, and the dimension or degree of something. Measurement involves identifying an attribute of what to measure and deciding how to measure in terms of scale and unit. 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Why Should We Ban Gmos Free Essays

GMOs or genetically modified organisms have been a controversial term since the middle 1990s when the FDA approved the papaya to be genetically altered to save it from a worldwide virus leading to its demise. The rash and uneducated decision to save the papaya came without any form of long term effects to the delicate balance of our eco-system and populous. The problem with genetically modified foods is the potential unknown and the long term affects they very well potentially could propose. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Should We Ban Gmos? or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to a poll taken by CNBC on April 28th, 2011 eighty-two percent of Americans are against GMOs [1]. The long term effects are becoming more and more prevalent within our society as GMOs continue to be around longer and with more research being done the possibilities for harm increase daily. While I won’t deny the overall idea here has great potential such as potentially virus and fungi immune crops as well as drought resistant crops [2] the overall study and research on this subject is very limited and vague. The side effects of GMOs is already showing up in certain grains and beans such as chronic wasting of internal organs to rats fed genetically modified potatoes and large amounts of defects produced in rats being fed high a diet of herbicide resistant soybeans such as sterile babies and stunted birth [3]. I feel the decision to push heavily for GMOs and filling over seventy percent of American grocery stores with unlabeled GMOs [4] has largely to do with the tyrants who control the market such as Nestle, General Mills, PepsiCo, and Monsanto. While America is being controlled by such companies being the largest consumer of GMOs by over double any other continent or nation [5] while many others such as Japan, Australia, and many of the European Union have heavy restrictions or bans on such goods where consumer rejection has taken place forcing GMOs out. If eighty-two percent of America are against GMOs they must stand up for their beliefs and not be conquered by these tyrants. The FDA’s states, â€Å"Theoretically, genetic modifications have the potential to activate cryptic pathways synthesizing unknown or unexpected toxicants, or to increase expression from active pathways that ordinarily produce low or undetectable levels of toxicants. † The FDA encourages companies that are concerned about toxicity to â€Å"consult informally with the agency on testing protocols for whole foods when appropriate. )† meaning these laws are hardly enforced, if the company is concerned with toxicity they suggest testin g and do not require it [4]. In a bio technicians terms genetic modification is the insertion of a gene from a completely foreign and non-related species or organism using a virus or bacteria as a gateway entry into the cellular compound. These gateway and seemly harmless viruses and bacteria are now becoming active in humans due to large amounts of GMO consumption. This is also posing another problem by triggering other genes within the human body and DNA to bring about new allergens among many other things. The FDA refuses to require testing of GMO products claiming they have â€Å"not found it necessary to conduct, prior to marketing, routine safety reviews of whole foods derived from plants. † The FDA is also against labeling GMO products with the mind set of it creating a public concern and panic for goods that are safe to eat. Food manufacturers also worry that labeling GM products with warnings could cause food prices to rise and create uncalled for concern among consumers. † If there is so much concern for stating the potentially increasing side effects then GMOs should be taken off the market and a very in-depth and detailed study should be conducted for the next several years to really make sure this is a revolutionary step for the Earth and its people. How to cite Why Should We Ban Gmos?, Papers

Benthic and Pelagic Fauna in an Estuary During free essay sample

Abstract: : The purpose of studying the biological organisms in the MpenJati estuary- beach system is to distinguish between organisms and estimate diversity within the estuary found at different locations along the estuary-beach profile in accordance with factors affecting the daily routines of these marine life and other aspects in which these organisms concur with. The organisms found in these waters play an important role in the ecosystems they function in therefore it is imperative to seek a way to keep a close relationship between the estuary-beach systems to prevent reaks in the ecosystems. The goal of an estuary-beach system is to be able to sustain and diversify the life that exists in these biomes. Organisms that live in beach-estuary systems are phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish (in the water-column) and microphytobenthos, macrofauna and meiofauna which inhabit the sediment. The above mentioned organisms are the main organisms that drive ecosystem functioning in a beach-estuary system. We will write a custom essay sample on Benthic and Pelagic Fauna in an Estuary During or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the present environments had to disappear, there would be devastating effects not only in the biological sector but also the environmental and economical aspects. To avoid catastrophes among ecosystems, tests need to be performed in essence to keep the ecosystems from being harmed. If, for example, diatoms and dinoflagellates were to be removed from the food web due to certain chemical factors many organisms (mollusc larvae, copepods, etc) will not have a food supply therefore resulting in the extinction of many organisms. This leads to disruptions in the ecosystem. The preservation in estuaries is vital for the study of past life and climates, as well as present living organisms and the abiotic factors influencing them. Introduction: In the MpenJati beach-estuary system organisms that contribute to a variety of factors and ecosystem functioning include a diverse range of meiofauna, macrofauna, zooplankton, fish and other species that live in either a benthic or pelagic life-cycle. Meiofauna are a complex group of microscopic animals found in waters domineering along beach-estuarine systems. These organisms are benthic- they need a surface substrate to attach themselves onto e. g. sediments. Meiofauna mainly include nematodes, ploychaetes and harpacticoid copepods. Perissinotto Smit (2010). These organisms are important as they clean the waters they live in. Zooplankton organisms can be divided into the pelagic (living in the water-column) or the benthic phases depending on the stages of their life cycle. The animals life cycle that lie within the plankton are holoplankton and the ones that spend part of their life cycle in the plankton are meroplankton. Thurman (1997). Zooplankton includes copepods, mysids, amphipods as well as fish larvae, crabs and other benthic organisms. Macrofauna are organisms that can be seen with the naked eye. These organisms are not large enough to be termed megafauna but they are relatively larger than microtauna. Macrotauna marine animals include crabs, prawns, annelids, insects, amphipods and many other coastal-estuarine water dominated marine species. Many of these organisms are human food sources. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. Humans use fish as a food source. Fish exhibit the greatest diversity than any other class of vertebrates. Fish use estuarine waters for spawning. In estuarine systems one can expect to find mullets, gobiidae and clupeid species. Materials and Methods: The procedures at the location on the ocean-estuary-south was to seek information on the different locations that were sampled to account for the variations in not only the biotic factors but also the abiotic factors affecting the present closed beach-estuary system. Zooplankton. One sample was obtained using a hyperbenthic sled(40cm mouth diameter, 200pm mesh) pulled at a distance of 27m. The material collected in the cod- end is placed into a bottle, and fixed with 10% formalin. At the lab the sample was sub-divided in two, diluted with IL of water and rinsed through a sieve.

Oil Production in UAE

Free Essays on Global Business

Vision. There's a word that hearkens back to the early '80s, at least in current management thinking. Yet despite its presence in the leadership vocabulary for more than two decades, many companies are today struggling to draft the right vision for a hyperactive, global business environment. This paper is intended to offer an overview of some of the aspects of conducting business globally and aims to identify ways in which businesses can tap the gains of this process, while remaining realistic about its potential and its risks. Specific topics will include: 1) technology challenges; 2) gaining a foothold in new markets; and 3) conducting business with different cultures. Finally, real world business examples will be used to amplify the discussion. Technology Challenges No other technological advancement has enhanced global business in the last 10 years like the Internet. The Internet has made accessible foreign marketplaces that for years were expensive and difficult to access. If an organization builds the right site, you can easily attract visitors from around the world. Obviously, however, this site can't be written predominantly in English and marketed with an American spin. If a company from the United States wants to be seen by all, their operations have to reach international consumers. Currently, 63 percent of Fortune 100 Web sites are stuck in the past, i.e., they are only written in English, according to Forrester Research (Internet World, 2001). Going global does not merely mean translating English sites into foreign languages. First and foremost, organizations must think globally and tackle their challenges head-on. Companies are faced with obstacles like coping with organizational challenges, increasing their speed to market, finding efficient management content tools, and maintaining a consistent global/international brand. Although outsourcing to accomplish the aforementioned challenges is a viab... Free Essays on Global Business Free Essays on Global Business Vision. There's a word that hearkens back to the early '80s, at least in current management thinking. Yet despite its presence in the leadership vocabulary for more than two decades, many companies are today struggling to draft the right vision for a hyperactive, global business environment. This paper is intended to offer an overview of some of the aspects of conducting business globally and aims to identify ways in which businesses can tap the gains of this process, while remaining realistic about its potential and its risks. Specific topics will include: 1) technology challenges; 2) gaining a foothold in new markets; and 3) conducting business with different cultures. Finally, real world business examples will be used to amplify the discussion. Technology Challenges No other technological advancement has enhanced global business in the last 10 years like the Internet. The Internet has made accessible foreign marketplaces that for years were expensive and difficult to access. If an organization builds the right site, you can easily attract visitors from around the world. Obviously, however, this site can't be written predominantly in English and marketed with an American spin. If a company from the United States wants to be seen by all, their operations have to reach international consumers. Currently, 63 percent of Fortune 100 Web sites are stuck in the past, i.e., they are only written in English, according to Forrester Research (Internet World, 2001). Going global does not merely mean translating English sites into foreign languages. First and foremost, organizations must think globally and tackle their challenges head-on. Companies are faced with obstacles like coping with organizational challenges, increasing their speed to market, finding efficient management content tools, and maintaining a consistent global/international brand. Although outsourcing to accomplish the aforementioned challenges is a viab...

Emergency Disaster Plan xyz Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Disaster Plan xyz Corporation - Essay Example If such a plan is not presented and activated in time, it becomes highly risky in the course of time when such an eventuality occurs. The cost of the loss sustained is far higher and in many cases, there is no compensation possible for such losses. Whether this is a flood or a fire or a terrorist strike the company should be ready to take care of the eventuality. A high level technical support should be planned and there should be a clear commitment from across the company and its management. Management should be aware of the liability and accountability to the company and the public in general. The process would involve a steering committee being set up for this purpose which would enable the members to know the different classes of security and protection in addition to disaster management for different types of companies. It is also essential that an appropriate budget is drawn for this purpose. Budget can be effectively planned only if there is a clear allocation of teams for specific jobs and execution plan for every one of the jobs in the disaster management. 1. Property damages could occur due to water seepage in the company as well as due to wind. In an insurance company, the threat perception is noticed only for the information contained in the computers and the loss that could occur to this data will be the one that would cause loss to the business. 2. Water is capable of damaging the entire computer network in the office which could result in loss of data in the computer as well as loss due to stoppage of work. 3. Loss due to wind could take the form of disrupted wiring and networks resulting in communication issues that could stop smooth flow business. Loss of business activity would mean that clients are not served and orders are not booked. Either of them would result in a loss to the company in terms of finance or in terms of service creating wrong impressions with the clients. 4. Apart from this the company is also vulnerable to external man made attacks in terms of virus or such other external ingression of unwanted elements on to the computer network. 5. The possibility of a fire to the building also exists. 6. The possibility of an earthquake in that area is also possible. Out of these possible vulnerabilities, the area is prone to flooding and winds of hurricane grade. Therefore, the company should ideally plan for defending itself against such vulnerabilities. In order to safeguard itself against flooding and hurricanes, the company should look for the following measures: 1. To counter flooding, physical security is primary. All back up data taken every day should be kept inside safe packs of water proof and fire proof quality. Fire can also be caused by hurricanes. 2. The structure of the building may be so planned that the building is appropriately raised and built so that the chances of flooding the building goes down to zero if possible. 3. Company should ensure that the data is safely backed up every day and moved to a different location so that even in the case of a large flood stopping the work and spoiling the data in the company main data center, the data in the other location can be called on

Midterm ONE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm ONE - Essay Example However, in 1609 there was some reorganization in the area and the London Company became the Virginia Company. This year also heralded the arrival of Lord De La Warr as the first governor, and the subsequent establishment of strong work ethics (Brinkley, 33). 1612 saw a man named John Rolfe begin to grow tobacco in Virginia, something which turned out to be very profitable for the area and began the expansion of the colony. Additionally, 1619 saw the area gain the first slaves from Africa, as well as the growth in population from women and children, which allowed the culture to begin to thrive. The Virginia colony was also important for providing a model for U.S. government which we still use today, with 1650 seeing the meetings of elected representatives splitting into two chambers as seen in congress today. The later part of the 17th century saw Bacon’s Rebellion, which was essentially a revolt against the governor of Virginia by Nathanial Bacon. The main reason for the upri sing was that the people of the Virginia colony were upset that the governor was ignoring pleas for a stronger military presence in the area (Brinkley, 35). Although seeing some minor success, Bacon died before progress was made with the revolution, but this did sow some seeds for a Revolution before the Revolution. ... South Carolina had strong links with the overpopulated Barbados, which had already begun to embrace slavery. The links with the Caribbean and the interest in the economics of slavery in this region are crucial to understanding the build-up to the Revolution. The colony in New England (Massachusetts) began to grow in the early 17th century with the arrival of pilgrims (who were separatists from the Anglican church) left Holland and boarded the Mayflower to settle in Virginia. However, the boat did not arrive in the Hudson River as planned but ended up in Cape Cod, where they landed outside the London Company’s territory. They found some land that had been cleared due to some Native Americans dying of disease and the local residents helped them to found their own colony. William Bradford was elected governor and sought legal permission to found the colony. More people began to arrive who did not agree with the religious tenets of the area but came because of fertile land (Brinkl ey, 45). In 1664 Charles II gave his brother James territory between Connecticut and the Delaware river, some of which had already been claimed by the Dutch (Brinkley, 28). One of the major settlements in the area was New Amsterdam, but this soon surrendered and became New York. There were tensions in the area between the Dutch who were considered â€Å"patrons† and the wealthy English settlers. Pennsylvania was founded because dissenting English religious group founded by George Fox wanted to find a place for religion and a distinctive social order. Quakers, back in England, had suffered persecution and looked to America to provide a tolerant new land to live in. Pennsylvania had good relations with the Native Americans and always paid

What Important Role Did Emil Sodersteen Play in Australian Art Deco Research Paper

What Important Role Did Emil Sodersteen Play in Australian Art Deco Architectural Design - Research Paper Example It introduced in Architecture irregular shape, curved lines, curved glass, mosaic, and stained glass. This new style flourished in European Architecture. Art Deco was a continuation of Art Nouveau. It offered in the twentieth century’s design - luxury, style and efficiency. It emerged in the years of 1908-1912. Representatives of this design style are Tamara de Lempicka, Rene Lalique, William van Alens, Raymond hood and Paul Manship.3 Art Deco reached its flourishing between the years 1925 and 1935 years. The name Art Deco came from the Exposition Internationale des arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes. It was an art and craft exhibition, which took place in 1925 in France.4 The exhibition, demonstrated the latest achievements in the field of architecture, interior, furniture, metal products, glass, and ceramic designs. Six months of the exhibition period drew about 16 million visitors from different parts of the world. The exhibition was gorgeous and glamorous. The famous French architect Le Corbusier, one of the founders of constructivism and functionalism, for this exhibition designed and built the pavilion by name  «Esprit Nouveau ». The famous painter P. Lalique built another pavilion with colored glass fountain with light effects. The 1925 Paris exhibition, as whole, became the final stage of development of design of the period of Modern or a transitional stage form of Modernism to post-war functionalism. In 1966, after the revival of 1925 exhibition in Paris, this art design style received the name Art Deco. Before that, the style was called "jazz modern," "zigzag modern", "streamlined modern". New discoveries of spectacular monuments of ancient Egyptian art (including the tomb of Tutankhamen, 1922) and the ancient civilizations of America made a significant impact on the development of Art Deco design style. In the period, between the two world wars, Art Deco was used in decorative art; today the term has become the synonym of ef ficiency. Art Deco design artists offered glamour and efficiency in their work. Art Laurence, one of the brilliant Art Deco artists, combined in his work classicism, symmetry, straightforwardness, and cubism on one hand as a part of Art Nouveau, and on other the ancient art of the Egypt, Middle East, Africa and the Americas. Thus, Art Deco in design accepted on one side favorite themes and motives of Modern - more precisely the style of art Nouveau, - which were winding lines, an unusual combination of expensive and exotic materials, images of exotic creatures, wave form, and on the other side colorful designs, ornate carvings, visual abstraction, and abstract _______________________ 5. â€Å"Decorating in the Art Deco  Style,† Art Deco Style- Decorating in Art Deco Style, accessed May16, 2012, interiordec.about.com/od/stylesofdecor/a/art_deco_style.htm. 6. â€Å"Lalique Crystal, Figurines, Glass, and Art,† Squidoo, accessed May16, 2012, www.squidoo.com †º Home & Garden †º Home Decor. expressionism of the past. As an artistic style, Art Deco denied asceticism and opposed to the minimalism. It focused to the past, embodied a blend of

The United States Constitution Its Strengths And Flaws Politics Essay

The United States Constitution Its Strengths And Flaws Politics Essay In the late 18th century, the United States Constitution was designed as a foundation to build a stable governing structure for the 13 states that composed the United States around that time. These states were relatively different and consisted on predominantly rural and agrarian societies. Moreover, the same document regarded by these states as the supreme law of the land, serves the exact same purpose today as it did back in the day. The 200 year old Constitution of the United States, by far the oldest charter of government in the world, faces a time of increasing urbanization and technological developments. Nonetheless, its effectiveness at guiding this nation and providing individual freedom, economic stability, economic growth and social development has proven to be substantially enduring over the years. The United States Constitution is often referred to as a living constitution, because of its adaptability to the emerging and ever changing political and social views, needs and demands of Americans. Moreover, its enduring nature in a world of continued change has served as a role model for the evolution of numerous governmental institutions and their respective constitutions around the world. Its self-correcting and self-regulating nature made possible through amendments, the constitutional supremacy it embraces, the bill of rights, the separation of powers and its simplicity of design are major strengths of the constitution. The Constitution is a timeless document due to the adaptability of its nature. It was designed so that it could be amended as the needs of Americans changed over time. However, the founding fathers were well aware that amending the constitution should require significant complexity to avoid the approval and ratification of ill-conceived amendments. Moreover, they made sure that amending the constitution was in the best interest of the majority as opposed to a select few by putting into effect a dual process that Amendments must undergo in order to be approved and ratified. Furthermore, amendments are subject to judicial review by the courts, a process that originated from the Marbury v. Madison case and allows the courts to review and revoke unconstitutional measures carried out by other branches of government. The Constitutions supremacy draws the boundaries along which state governments and congress adopt and ratify legislation. Despite its supremacy the Constitution is not entirely the absolute authority for it can be amended by the people through their participation in open elections aimed to provide political representation in the various structures of government. Appointed and elected officials are subject to be removed from office under the constitution if convicted of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors; which serves as an intensive to fulfill their constitutional duties, that is with the exception of lifetime appointees of the supreme court and/ or federal judges. The reasoning behind such exception is to eliminate the impact external influences often have on public officials. The establishment of a Bill of Rights in the Constitution serves as a mean to protect the natural rights of the people. It is composed of the first ten amendments added to the constitution which aimed to protect individual freedoms from the government. The first amendment is perhaps one of the most important since it addresses delicate issues such as the separation of church and state allowing for freedom of religion. Also, it establishes freedom of speech, press, the right to assembly, right to petition the government, and protects individuals not only from the government but from each other by restricting libel. Moreover, subsequent amendments address other issues such as the right to bear arms, search and seizures, prohibition of self-incrimination, the right to trial by jury and counsel, reservation of powers to the state and people powers, among others. In addition, it has a significant influence on laws and policy-making under the principle for the people and by the people. It is the Bill of Rights along with other factors that distinguishes the United States from other less successful democracies around the world. The separation of powers among the three dominant structures of government is another strength of the Constitution. It allows for the overlap of authority among all government institutions and hinders the concentration of power in one of these institutions. Foremost, the Constitutions simplicity of design outlines the government structures and designated functions. Yet, it does not specify how power is to be distributed among the government institutions, resulting in an ambiguity that has made it possible for the Constitution to successfully guide the United States in the desired direction. Nevertheless both of these have been a source of conflict and harshly criticized for the broadness of the power allocated to the structures of government. As can be appreciated, the United States Constitution is deeply flawed, to the point where some of its strengths represent major threats to its original purpose put forth by the founding fathers. Although federalism is vital to avoid the concentration of power in a single structure of government, it blurs the concept of the separation of powers by providing the national government with sufficient protection to surpass the power allocated to states. In the time being there is not an easy approach to deal with this dilemma; however, it is not terribly hindered to solve as to set it aside for another 200 hundred years. Therefore, one of the first measures to deal with the problem in question is to narrowly draw the jurisdictional boundaries in order to define the power reserved for each structure of government, so that no structure has an unfair advantage over another. Such a measure should address the insufficient protection given to the states as compared to the national government. Another weakness of the United States Constitution is Congressional stagnation. The absence of term limits in Congress has proven to be an issue of high debate among politicians. It seems reasonable to argue that term limits in Congress would result in inexperienced individuals taking roles which have been adequately fulfilled by previous political officers and that the degree to which they represent their constituents as well as their ability to do is questionable. Nevertheless, it is crucial to point out that a large majority of incumbents, that is those currently in office, get reelected [INSERT STATS] to a point where most Congress representatives have rather established a career in Congress. Their reelection is primarily due to the low turnout of elections since the public is less involved in these elections as compared to presidential elections, name advertisement and credit obtained from the service provided to their constituents. Because elections take place every two years, reelection is the main drive for incumbents, which includes obtaining name recognition among their constituents and service credit within their districts. Incumbents aim to meet the interests and demands represented by the majority of constituents, which has proven to be very problematic due to the emerging concerns regarding whether they act as puppets to secure their seat or act in the faith of making a difference for their constituents by having their voices heard. Either way, incumbents enjoy unfair advantages over competitors since they are allotted higher campaign funds than subsequent competitors, for instance through free mail. Additionally, due to the large sums necessary to fund a successful campaign and the diminished chances of election when running against incumbents, the number of candidates is inconsequential, limiting the choices of voters. Lastly, the long term retention of office by legislators may result in corruption, through the means of lobbyists seeking that legislators address their cause which may not be related or benefit by any means the constituents that such legislator represents. The need to have checks and balances for Congress is evident; which constitutes the reason why term limits should be implemented in Congress. The power to establish term limits is delegated to the states and the people and further protected under the 10th amendment. Therefore, a state can propose an amendment by obtaining a two-thirds majority of state legislators to call for a constitutional convention, after which legislators must ratify the amendment with a three-fourths majority. Similarly the house and senate members can propose such amendment, which is very unlikely to occur due to the fact that the ratification of term limits will affect their personal interests. On similar grounds, the Electoral College has been harshly criticized since the purpose it served 200 years ago is viewed as rather outdated today. This election system is not only compelling in terms of its design but also the extent to which it is representative of the popular vote in presidential elections. For instance, in the 2000 election featuring George W. Bush running against Albert Arnold Gore for the presidency, Al Gore won the popular vote; however he did not win the election. Therefore, it is legitimate to question how accurately do outcomes of the Electoral College reflect the will of the people. Moreover, because the number of electoral votes allocated to states relies primarily on the number of district and house representatives of the states, it gives larger states the power to influence the outcome of presidential elections. Since larger states are delegated such power, most presidential candidates focus their campaign and attention on the states with the most elect oral votes; therefore, smaller states have a disadvantage regarding their political involvement in presidential elections and the value of their vote as compared to larger states and voter turnout can be further discouraged. The Electoral College can also result in a minority president being elected It is not terribly difficult to acknowledge that the removal of the Electoral College is by far the best strategy to solve the present situation. Nevertheless, the difficulty lies in designing a system that accurately represents the people. Some politicians argue that providing a representation of the electoral vote proportional to that of the popular vote would ease the problem at stake. However, it is very likely to raise new concerns, especially if both candidates running for office win 50% of the electoral vote, then a method for splitting the vote must be addressed, which complicates the nature of the Electoral College and furthermore defeats the initial purpose of correcting the flawed design of such institution. One way to do this without further complications is by establishing a direct vote system in which all individuals have an equal say in presidential elections and are equally pursued by the candidates running for office. Please discuss the suitability of the Constitution as a governing document for the contemporary United States. What are the strengths of the Constitution?   What are some of its weaknesses?   Should we attempt to reform the Constitution?   If so, why?   If not, why not?   You should rely heavily on course materials, but feel free to use any outside material that will help your argument. Is it public officials or government officials? Are supreme court justices and federal judges public officials too as compared to senators and house members? Paragraph about the separation of powers. Am I making my point clear enough, since its rather a transition into the weaknesses? Purposely chose it.. As can be appreciate ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Is this contradicting somehow?

Rent Control: Pros And Cons :: Rent Control New York Argumentative Essays

Rent Control: Pros and Cons Rent control is the government imposition of price ceilings on rent for apartments in certain areas of a city. The goal is usually to protect the rights of the poor. Thus, in a rent controlled or rent stabilized building, the amount of rent will not increase as quickly as inflation. While the moral side of rent control may have some appeal, in the long run the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. Those who argue in favor of rent control say that it is the only way to protect lower-income tenants from landlords who overprice, and from being forced to move out of a neighborhood because they cannot afford the rent. Limiting the price that a landlord can demand helps maintain a city's ethnic diversity and prevents the creation of slums on the outskirts of the main city. Another thing that proponents say is that by linking rent prices to apartment maintenance and material improvements, rent control actually improves the state of housing. Overall, they argue that the goals of rent control can be reached if they are administered in a careful and just way. The opponents, though, have both theoretical and practical experience on their side. First, rent control creates a market that is unfair for everyone. Since the rent is set at a lower than normal level, an unsatisfied demand is created. This increase in demand leads to an increase in the cost of rents in the uncontrolled sector. Thus, two types of rents are created: those that are unfairly cheap, and those that are unfairly expensive. Another problem that is created is that landlords who own rent controlled apartments are often not able to earn enough money to adequately maintain buildings. This leads to run-down, poor quality housing. In many cases, landlords lose so much money that they are not able to even pay the debt on the properties, and they abandon them. Both of these effects have been documented in New York and elsewhere, and go against the goals of rent control. Finally, rent control has the bad side effect of turning away new construction. This is because even if rent controls don't include new constructions, owners are afraid to build any new buildings if in a few years those too will be taken over by rent control. Rent control thus leads to less construction and an even greater unsatisfied demand. This, in turn, increases the rents of uncontrolled apartments even more. New constructions are also avoided because banks and insurance companies don't want to invest in areas where rent control is in effect, because they know that it is likely that landlords will not be able to Rent Control: Pros And Cons :: Rent Control New York Argumentative Essays Rent Control: Pros and Cons Rent control is the government imposition of price ceilings on rent for apartments in certain areas of a city. The goal is usually to protect the rights of the poor. Thus, in a rent controlled or rent stabilized building, the amount of rent will not increase as quickly as inflation. While the moral side of rent control may have some appeal, in the long run the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. Those who argue in favor of rent control say that it is the only way to protect lower-income tenants from landlords who overprice, and from being forced to move out of a neighborhood because they cannot afford the rent. Limiting the price that a landlord can demand helps maintain a city's ethnic diversity and prevents the creation of slums on the outskirts of the main city. Another thing that proponents say is that by linking rent prices to apartment maintenance and material improvements, rent control actually improves the state of housing. Overall, they argue that the goals of rent control can be reached if they are administered in a careful and just way. The opponents, though, have both theoretical and practical experience on their side. First, rent control creates a market that is unfair for everyone. Since the rent is set at a lower than normal level, an unsatisfied demand is created. This increase in demand leads to an increase in the cost of rents in the uncontrolled sector. Thus, two types of rents are created: those that are unfairly cheap, and those that are unfairly expensive. Another problem that is created is that landlords who own rent controlled apartments are often not able to earn enough money to adequately maintain buildings. This leads to run-down, poor quality housing. In many cases, landlords lose so much money that they are not able to even pay the debt on the properties, and they abandon them. Both of these effects have been documented in New York and elsewhere, and go against the goals of rent control. Finally, rent control has the bad side effect of turning away new construction. This is because even if rent controls don't include new constructions, owners are afraid to build any new buildings if in a few years those too will be taken over by rent control. Rent control thus leads to less construction and an even greater unsatisfied demand. This, in turn, increases the rents of uncontrolled apartments even more. New constructions are also avoided because banks and insurance companies don't want to invest in areas where rent control is in effect, because they know that it is likely that landlords will not be able to

The Middle Passage: Hell on Earth

The Middle Passage: Hell on earth Olaudah Equiano’s The Middle Passage is a chilling look into the infamous Middle Passage, a harrowing journey across the Atlantic made by captured African slaves. The Middle Passage is told from Equiano’s own perspective of being captured, allowing the reader to more fully grasp the torturous emotions and tribulations involved in being ripped from your home and shipped a world away.Through the Middle Passage, historians are able to view one of the most gruesome aspects of the journey to slavery from a first person perspective, examining the interactions between many cultures and the impressions each had of one another. The Middle Passage begins with Equiano’s sight and subsequent boarding of the ship that will take him across the Atlantic. It is obvious from the very beginning of his description that this is either his first or one of his first experiences with white people, describing them as â€Å"bad spirits† and believ ing â€Å"they were going to kill me. Fear is the first emotion Olaudah feels, and rightly so: The journey of 1-6 months had a 15% mortality rate, higher for africans during the process of capture and containment. (Wiki) In the subsequent paragraphs, fear turns into hopelessness, as Equiano begins to assess his situation and realizing he was â€Å"deprived of all chance of returning to my native country† As his journey progresses, the true horrors of the trip unfold.The disease and stench of the proximity with which the slaves are held make up arguably the worst of the trauma; many throw up, no doubt adding to the disgust. Historians here get interesting insight into the psyche of the crew: instead of leaving the slaves to die down below, they show vested interest in their cargo, allowing the sickest or most at danger of dying to be brought to the deck of the ship in order to survive. No doubt this seeming empathy was targeted at ensuring survival and thus profit margin rath er than compassion.Multiple captured slaves commit suicide, preferring death over their grotesque conditions, a sickening allusion to how terrible the ship must have been. Upon reaching land the slaves are rounded up and finally given an explanation by other slaves that they will not be eaten, a fear that evidently persisted throughout the journey. They are then rounded up as cattle to be bought by land owners and merchants, a process similar to the reports of slave selling in 19th century America.Equiano’s journey finally over, he remarks on the fact he will most likely never see anyone from that journey again, as he is now alone in a foreign world where he neither speaks the language nor has knowledge of any culture of customs. The Middle Passage tells a tale of suffering, calamity and filth. The insight historians glean from the tale no doubt confirms what is already known of the slave trade: that it is a torturous, inhumane institution who’s end could not have came soon enough.

Free Essays on Metamorphasis

Metamorphosis â€Å"When he lifted his head a little, he saw his vaulted brown belly, sectioned by arch-shaped ribs, to whose dome the cover, about to slide off completely, could barely cling. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, were waving helplessly before his eyes.† Gregor Samsa has gone through a metamorphosis. This change has turned Gregor into a â€Å"monstrous vermin†. The anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism, which fill Gregor’s life, are expressed by Kafka throughout the novel, metamorphosis. Franz Kafka uses these feelings as an element of Expressionism to convey Gregor’s attitudes towards his life and society. Examples depicting this element of Expressionism used in the novel are Gregor’s feelings towards his job, the effect his job has on his family, and the cruelty that his family displays. The novel opens with Gregor in his monstrous state, late for work. He infers that his job as a traveling salesman is very consequential, yet he is growing tired and frustrated, â€Å"The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides, I’ve got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all!† Gregor has a great amount of fury towards his job, which eventually led to his anger towards society as a whole. The fact that his office manager showed up at Gregor’s house plays an immense role in creating trepidation and anxieties in Gregor’s mind. Gregor feels strangled by his job and is too weak to tolerate the pressure. In addition to the pressure created by his office manager and society, the Samsa’s, especially Gregor’s father, take advantage of him. Gregor earns the basic income to support his family. â€Å"But of course he actually could have paid off more of his father’s debt to the ... Free Essays on Metamorphasis Free Essays on Metamorphasis Metamorphosis â€Å"When he lifted his head a little, he saw his vaulted brown belly, sectioned by arch-shaped ribs, to whose dome the cover, about to slide off completely, could barely cling. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, were waving helplessly before his eyes.† Gregor Samsa has gone through a metamorphosis. This change has turned Gregor into a â€Å"monstrous vermin†. The anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism, which fill Gregor’s life, are expressed by Kafka throughout the novel, metamorphosis. Franz Kafka uses these feelings as an element of Expressionism to convey Gregor’s attitudes towards his life and society. Examples depicting this element of Expressionism used in the novel are Gregor’s feelings towards his job, the effect his job has on his family, and the cruelty that his family displays. The novel opens with Gregor in his monstrous state, late for work. He infers that his job as a traveling salesman is very consequential, yet he is growing tired and frustrated, â€Å"The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides, I’ve got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all!† Gregor has a great amount of fury towards his job, which eventually led to his anger towards society as a whole. The fact that his office manager showed up at Gregor’s house plays an immense role in creating trepidation and anxieties in Gregor’s mind. Gregor feels strangled by his job and is too weak to tolerate the pressure. In addition to the pressure created by his office manager and society, the Samsa’s, especially Gregor’s father, take advantage of him. Gregor earns the basic income to support his family. â€Å"But of course he actually could have paid off more of his father’s debt to the ...

Indus Civilization Writing System research paper

Indus Civilization Writing System research paper Indus Civilization Writing System research paper Indus Civilization Writing System research paper: Early civilization was first witnessed in parts of Asia and Middle East. Egyptians and Sumerians were some of the oldest people to develop in the world. In East and South Asia similar developments were being implemented along river bends and valleys. Some of these oldest developments were being carried out in the Yellow River valley, China. Here, the rich silt from Northern China provided the ideal grounds for civilization. The first Asian civilization was witnessed in the Indus River Valley. This civilization was witnessed in the 3rd millennium B.C (Kenoyer 7). This was more than a millennium prior to the Yellow River development. This civilization is also known as Harappan culture and can be categorized in the Bronze Age development together with Egypt and Mesopotamia. Ravi or Harappan stage was the first to be witnessed in the Indus development. The phase got its name tribute to a river in the vicinity called Ravi River. This Ravi stage lasted for approximately one thousand years. On River Hakra another phase came after Ravi. The phase was known as the Hakra stage. The last phase was known as the Kot Diji phase. In Ravi and Kot Diji stage, settlements some discoveries were made of early writing. These writings were dated back to 3300-2800BC together with the Egypt and Mesopotamian writings. These civilizations covered the whole of present day Pakistan and significant parts of both India and modern Afghanistan. Indus got its name from the Indus River which provided the Indus with water to irrigate and for their domestic use. The silt in the valley provided the fertile soils for agriculture (Kenoyer 26). The strategic position of the Indus valley helped in maintaining security. The Deccan plateau and the Himalayas protected the Indus from attacks from other people. The estimated area was about 1,250,000 km squared. Some of these examples of this extended development were parts of north Afghanistan in Shortughai and Hindon near Delhi in India. The population regarding all these areas was estimated to have reached the heights of about 4.5 million people. Most of this civilization is not fully known to people since it was forgotten till in the early 20th century. Writings of these developments still aren’t well scrutinized by humans and remains unidentified. Like it s rival civilization, Indus disappeared in a mystery. It is accounted to the disastrous events during the time and the early invasions from their rivals. Most facts remain unknown to people about this civilization; like the language spoken by the people during this development is a mystery, no one can tell exactly the names of these people (Mughal 88). This is in contrast with Early Egypt and Mesopotamia civilizations. Most of the people lived in enclosed cities where they could get access to the basic needs more easily. The Indus valley had a number of settlements which were referred to as cities. The residents of these cities were mostly traders and artisans. Trade was more defined here with people from the outside coming to bring their good here. The foreign materials were used for construction of city seals, ornaments for the dwellers and other household goods (Ratnagar 49). The beads made were impressive and were used to make ornaments for the wealthy city dwellers. The seals comprised of images of their gods and animals they reared. Trade goods were well trademarked with these seals. The owners of the goods wanted to maintain the originality of their goods to avoid counterfeits. This gives us the sense of early standardization that still guides production up to today. Goods in our modern trade have to possess a trade mark seal to verify that is original. It’s truly the epicenter of urb an society with all the houses in the Indus getting access to water and a good drainage system to maintain the emphasized hygiene. Technologically, most advancement was witnessed in agriculture. But there in Indus area, controversies with some scholars indicating that food was brought to the Indus from foreign land is still heated. Other archeologist like G.Shaffer argued that agriculture was indigenous in the Indus valley. The people here used mostly wheat and cereals. Barley was also a major ingredient in the food used by the Indus. The fertile Indus soil can give a supporting hand on this. The land here was also productive due to the adequate water for irrigation from the rivers in these areas. The agriculture as the studies suggests must have been enough to feed a large number of people in the Indus valley. Technology in agriculture must also have borrowed some aspect here. The plough was also used in this valley for cultivating the land. Although there is no evidence of a defined system of irrigation, the frequent floods might have been used to water the crops in the fields (Ratnagar 63). The Indus must have dug canals to divert water to build small lands that were managed by small number of people unlike in most early civilizations that people were forced to work on lager rice plantations. Moreover, the act of water harvesting was practiced in the Indus valley. This was a major step forward on the modern technology in agriculture where the water stored can be used to grow crops. Studies have shown presence of some reservoirs on the Indus valley. The people in this civilization depended on the monsoon winds which made the weather pattern to provide rainfall for only four months in a year (Thapar 28). The stored water was hence used the dry periods of the year for both domestic and agriculture use. Inclusive of all these advancement scripting and writing was also developed by the Indus. The rocky terrain and metal availability in the valley was a major influence to invention of these writings. In Indus valley, several writings have been found .The oldest and most prominent writings were several forms of seals. The seals are still in good conditions and the written material is quite visible. These seals were made of metal or rock curved in some shapes and writings scripted on them. Seals were useful to the Indus as they were used to mark their belongings and trade goods. Since clay and other malleable were widely used here, seals were very important in making impressions on them. Most of these seals have being around the world of archeologists but very little have been heard from them depicting what the seals represented. The progress on finding the truth about these well-designed writings cannot be wholly seen as blame on the scholars. The earlier used clues by archeologist to decipher the writings were all missing in the Indus scripts. The writings were small and brief bearing 5 symbols as the mean number of writings per seal. The mammoth but few seals had up to 26 symbols. Language that the Indus used is a mystery and no one knows the meaning of a single symbol in the seals. Texts in these seals were not bilingual. Scholars have come up with different theories to try and uncover this mystery. The first one was just a little acknowledgment on the non prior or present existence of such a language. Some said that the language was Aryan. This is a mixture of several languages; Indian, Iranian, Indonesian and English. Since most Northern Indians spoke Indo-European so the people here in the Indus Valley might have spoken old Indo-European language (Ratnagar 49). Although this might seem like a slight break through, the major short coming is giving to the fact that Indo-European cultures used horses in all their transportation purposes and none was discovered on the seals or the remains of horses on the Indus soil. Furthermore, archeologist yet came up with another theory which stated that the language was Dravidian. This language is spoken mostly in South India. This theory can be seen as the closest one to uncovering this mystery. The Vedic texts have shows some considerable influence of the Dravidian language. It’s thought that the Aryan replaced the Dravidian. The Dravidian might have formed the basis of what is currently spoken by Indians. A feature like the retroflex consonants in Indian pronunciations is some but a few evidence supporting this theory. There is also the structural examination that shows the Dravidian presence in Indus valley texts. The analysis simply states the possible agglutinative nature of the language spoken in the Indus valley. The language here had a number of similar signs with different signals ranging from 1 to 3 per sign. The final signs acted as the suffixes to modify words giving them a new meaning. This is well displayed by the Dravidian language. The language used by Indus had approximately 400 script symbols and about 200 signs. The script used must have been logo phonetic; signs were used for their real meaning and phonetic values. Most of the writings were in picture forms but the signs at the end changed the mother meaning of a word. With all these writings the Indus could possible and effectively communicate through scripted pieces of metal, reeds or rocks. The seals were mostly useful in trade arenas where they could be used to mark goods and be used as currencies, pass to some areas and so on. The civilization of the Indus was a major step forward to what we enjoy today in terms of technology, and advancement in major fields of our lives. Ranging in all dimensions of food, life style, and health education and scripting information on materials in our modern world. The Indus mostly feed on bread made of wheat. Barley and rice were also used as food in the Indus valley. Fruits were many in this area, consisting of peas, dates with some areas melons being grown for nutrition. This is the life style in Middle East; these foods are still eaten today there and all over the world (Thapar 28). With all these contributions to the civilization of the world the Indus made a major step forward towards the urbanization of most parts of the world. The trade, city planning, transportation and agriculture made it possible to have our modern cities and have strategies to manage their lives in a mannerly way. ______________ is a professional research paper writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to buy a research paper online on Indus Civilization from our custom research paper writing service.

A Cigarette Lighter and a World Away Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Cigarette Lighter and a World Away - Essay Example I carefully peeled back the label and the years fell away with each new layer of wrapping paper. As I opened the box, my childhood came rushing out and filled the room with a new, yet familiar, aroma. Inside the box was a cigarette lighter. My grandmother had received it as a gift from what she called "an old flame", and it had always held a special place in my grandmother's purse. When I'd visit her I'd always ask, "Can I see the lighter", hypnotized by the mysterious beauty that it held. Now, it had been willed to me and with it came memories and thoughts of my grandmother.The solid silver lighter had been worn by decades of use, yet the hand tooled grooves still held the artistry of the French craftsman that had made it. It had a rugged feel, the sense of armed guards at the royal Victorian court. When I was younger, the lighter filled my small hands and weighed me down, as I'd run through the woods with it held tightly in my clutch. Its weight would pull me down, face first onto the forest floor as the smell of decaying leaves, newly uncovered by the spring thaw, caressed my senses. As the smell of the forest's morning dew faded, a memory of my grandma's "special recipe syrup" filled my mind. It was the aroma of maple syrup cooking in my grandma's backyard as she turned sap into a sweet nectar. She would always let me strike the lighter to light the woodpile that she evaporated the sap on. As the sap evaporated, it left behind the sweetness of pure maple syrup. Risking burning my hair, I would lean over the large pot just far enough to catch a whiff of that natural sweet smell. It would mix with the smoke from the burning wood and linger in my nostrils for hours. As I savored the smell of the maple, I caught another faint aroma, the distant smell of burning, fallen leaves. Fall was my favorite time to visit grandma. There was always the traditional Halloween and Thanksgiving treats, overly sweet with the taste of a bountiful harvest. But I had my best time when I was raking the leaves in the yard. Grandma used to give me fifty cents to rake the fallen leaves in the yard into one big pile. We would then set the pile on fire and marvel at the reds, blues, and purples in the blazing leaves. The smoke would sting my eyes and throat as it chased me around the yard. Grandma always let me light the lighter to start the leaves on fire, and it was one of the few times she ever let me light it. She would let me look at it and hold it but insisted that, "You should never start a fire that you can't put out". I would look for any excuse just to light that lighter. Grandma didn't know it, but I would have raked that yard for nothing just for the chance to see the bright flash of that sparkling flint. The few times I did get to put the lighter into action always made my hands smell of petroleum. This lighter, made way before the electric spark pre-packaged gas models, was powered by flint and lighter fluid. No matter how I tried, everytime I handled the lighter my young hands would be covered with the scent of the fluid. I smelled my hands now and could still smell the strong, yet strangely pleasant odor. I went to wash my hands, but the smell still hung in the air, and along with it others filled my nose. I recognized the smell of burning brush from the summer I helped grandma clean out her fencerows. It was a bonfire that towered over my childhood head, crisp and alive, flames shooting toward the sky as they consumed the tender young branches. I sensed the smell of a Pall Mall as I imagined grandma lighting her one vice, a non-filter mixture of exotically blended tobacco. The smell of a

Journalism and Communication - Screen cultures Essay

Journalism and Communication - Screen cultures - Essay Example Does video gaming portend any detrimental implications on those persons who are fanatics of constantly playing an assortment of diverse video games? Most researchers and writers typically address this concern with regard to reference to violent themed games (Melisa 2002). Moreover, it is overtly a pertinent prospect for the upcoming field of persuasive video games. These games encompass a diverse assortment of games that their authors design for educational, political and advocacy among other critical areas in the daily life. These video games seek to purposely influence and alter behavioural and notional perspectives of individuals who take an interest to play them (Ruth 2011). Moreover, it is critically consummate to determine the effective aspect of these games as potential vectors of persuasion on the persons who take an active role in gaming. With regard to various pertinent interrelationships of aspects such as intent, messages conveyed, player predisposition and quality of gam e among others, it is complicated to generalize regarding their implications and relative effectiveness. With use of a persuasive video game that I have designed, I intend to prospect and gauge its effectiveness as a social backing applet while isolating the various issues that put in to that (Gilles 1992). Introduction In the fresh past, in the year 2006, Gill, a 25 year old person murdered a woman and critically wounded nineteen other persons in a grave shoot out spree at a college affiliation in Montreal and eventually committed suicide. In his specific outline journal entries, he scribbled about his unconditional love and fanaticism for certain films, television shows among other constituents of popular, contemporary media and entertainment culture. However, he mentioned various video games, especially Super Columbine Massacre, that captured most of the entire media nerves to attention and raised the subject of how much mental and character influence various computer games can i mplicate on their players (Film Philosophy 2010). Moreover, this was nevertheless the initial time the matter was raised to publicity. The truth that the masterminds of the massacre game played doom and additionally modelled their own doom rankings was immensely criticised, as was the intelligence that a driver associated with a fatal motor accident had a copy of the violent street racing game, NFS, on the frontage seat of his carriage. These happenings among others resulted into various media critics and political figures arguing that by merit of their fascination, violent and realistic images and graphics with the aptitude to allow the players to practice diverse tasks and scenarios, video computer games could implicate on behaviours and attitudes. This would be for good or worse, though in the viewpoint of critics, it is typically for ill (Patrick 2011). The row that Calgary Sun correspondent Mike presented is archetypal. He questions the readers why they have to wait and witness assorted video games being evidence in several crime occurrences. He pickles the people to wake up and take an initiative to have control over such a situation which would be detrimental in society owing to the ill bizarre situations that arise when gamers take too much dose of typically murderously themed video games. Purportedly, Gill’s obvious signoff in blogs would state that life is a video game and that

Christian Ethics in Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Christian Ethics in Business - Research Paper Example the branch of philosophy that defines what is good for the individual and for society and establishes the nature of obligations, or duties, that people owe themselves and one another.† (2004: 31) Though the political authorities in all countries devise statutes of laws and implement them for the best interest of the society at large, which aim to strictly establish the complete code of responsibilities and relationships on the professionals while entering into communication, dealing and interaction; yet there appear several issues that have not been manifestly described and defined by law. The rule of law respects us as equals. It allows us to organize our lives, plan our futures, and resolve disputes in a rational way.† (Rule, 2008: 12) Thus, apparently these laws look comprehensive and sufficient in deciding the role, duties and rights of professionals while interacting with others in career life; even then there is an urgent need for some specific code on the basis of which the individuals could be restricted to adopt while dealing with their customers and clients as well as the public at large. However, there certainly exist some specific moral values that are other than laws, and the prevailing legal framework does not restrict the professionals to abide by these moral values. On the contrary, it is religious beliefs and ethical values that apply restrictions and limitations upon the professionals while offering their services at offices and work places. Consequently, religious beliefs vehemently lay stress upon observing of ethics in personal and professional dealings. MacFarlane has explained the decline of ethics with particular reference to occupation of law. â€Å"When we speak of the decline in â€Å"ethical† standards, we should not use the term ‘ethics’ to mean only compliance with the Ten Commandments or other standards of common, basic morality.....A lawyer can [adhere to all these requirements] and still fail to meet the standards of a true

Hinduism Essay Example for Free

Hinduism Essay The belief of the existence of a supernatural being has always been there since time immemorial. People have a common belief that there exists a super being that has more power than an ordinary being and that this being deserves to be respected and adorned. It is because of this reason that there are many religions. Religions are groups of people who share a common faith. There are many religions in the world today but the most common are Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. The focus of this paper is Hinduism as a religion and more importantly what makes it a religion, now that it lacks a uniting belief (Kim.  1998). Hinduism ranks third among the largest religions in the world. It is estimated that in the world today there are about eight hundred and 20 million followers of this particular religion. This is a big increase in terms of followers in comparison to a few years back. Hinduism is also considered as one of the most organized yet the oldest religion in the world. This not withstanding Hinduism has been described by many theologians as not being a full-fledged religion in terms of composition as there are some components the religion lacks (Axel. 2004). Unlike other religions Hinduism does not have a universal founder. While Islam is believed to have been found by Prophet Muhammad who was sent by Allah, Christianity was founded by Jesus who was sent by God. This is however not the case in Hinduism as there is no particular person who is the founder of this faith. Hinduism as a religion also lacks a specific holy book as there is a Bible in Christianity and a Quran among the Muslims. There is also not a centralized system of authority and the concept of a prophet being sent by a supreme being is non existent in Hinduism. Hinduism also lacks a system of theology that is specific as it the case with other religions (Gavin. 1996). Hinduism had never been considered as a religion for many years for lack of these major components that make up a religion. However, as years went by due the large numbers that this faith was claiming it was now ranked among the three major religions in the world. Hinduism has instead been viewed more as a way of living than as a religion. While other religions, Christianity for instance are a group of people with the same kind of faith, Hinduism is made up of various religions where people profess different faiths. These different faiths have their origin in India and with gradual evolution they have led to the growth and development of Hinduism as a religion (Axel. 2004). Hinduism is very much bent on the beliefs of an individual on what is right as opposed to worshipping a supreme being. Although Hinduism is one of the oldest faiths of the world, it lacks unification and many people have always considered as a lesser religion or better still an organized group of faithful as opposed to a religion. Looking at the definition of a religion it is in order to conclude that Hinduism is not a religion but instead a well organized form of faith. The concept of God lacks in this form of faith and the shepherd who is usually the clergy in other religions acts like a mere guideline to other members of the society. Hindus have no one particular God to who they give worship and praise. Instead they have an array of gods who are represented by idols. Hinduism has been described as one of the most tolerant religions in the world where freedom of worship is granted to the faithful of the religion. For instance a Hindu faithful needs not frequent the temple so as to be considered righteous. Instead following the rules of the religion is considered enough (Gavin. 1996). Something major to note is that all; gods in the Hindu religion are not divines as is the case in other religions. While in Islam and Christianity, God is divine, in Hindu, their gods are artificially made and are mainly represented by animals especially cows. However the Hindu religion has one major strength and this is the manifestation of the religion. While in many religions this aspect does not always come out strongly, in Hinduism manifestation is considered as part of the daily routine (Gavin. 1996). In conclusion it is correct to argue that Hinduism is only considered a religion and indeed one of the major religions of the world mainly because of the mass following it has and not because of its composition. It has however been able to grow over the years and has found its place in the world and is now ranked third among the main religions.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Diseases Research Essays

Alzheimer's Disease The disease called Alzheimer’s is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States (Weiner, 1987). It is estimated that the elderly population will double between now and 2030. During this period, the number of elderly will grow by an average of 2.8% annually (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). By 2050, the number of people with Alzheimer’s is estimated to range from 11.3 million to 16 million (Alzheimer’s Association, 2005). These startling numbers should prompt an examination into one of the leading causes of death among this group of people. Understanding what Alzheimer’s is and the known causes of the disease are a good starting point. For those who have aging family members, knowing the risk factors and warning signs of Alzheimer’s can be beneficial to both the patient and his family. Finally, once the patient has been diagnosed as having Alzheimer’s, a plan for treatment as well as providing the family and caregivers with a support syste m can help ease those involved through a very challenging, heartbreaking time. The Alzheimer’s Association (2005) defines the disease as â€Å"a progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys a person’s memory and ability to learn, reason, make judgments, communicate, and carry out daily activities†. Contrary to popular belief, Alzheimer’s is not the result of normal aging, although it normally occurs more frequently in people who are over the age of 65 (Gruetzner, 1988). Studies performed on the brains of deceased Alzheimer’s patients show several irregularities. The most obvious abnormality is in the signal-transmitting chemicals, where a 40-90% decrease in the enzyme CAT is found. This enzyme lies in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain. When CAT is decreased, it causes cholinergic or acetylcholine-releasing nerve terminals to diminish. These chemicals are important for communication between nerves. Also found during these autopsies were double strands of neurofibullary tangles, senile plaque (decaye d neural material), and granulovacular degeneration-all which are associated with mental impairment. Neurofibullary tangles normally do increase with age, but Alzheimer’s patients show a very high density of the tangles. The brain has also been found to contain abnormally high concentrations of aluminum (Weiner, 1987). While much is known about the end results of Alzheimer’... ...illick, 1998). While at the present time little is known about the causes of Alzheimer’s and there is no existence of a cure, current research combined with the latest in technology is hopeful for a breakthrough. Not only are new drugs being developed, but also the possibility of vaccines are on the horizon. Keeping up with the latest clinical trials, findings and treatment options can be a challenge, but doing so can arm patients and caregivers with a powerful tool. Only through education and progress in research can this deadly disease become extinct. Works Cited: Alzheimer’s Association. (2005). What is Alzheimer’s disease? Retrieved March 30, 2005, from http://www.alz.org/AboutAD/WhatIsAD.asp Gillick, Muriel R. (1998). Tangled minds: understanding Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. New York: Penguin Group. Gruetzner, Howard. (1988). Alzheimer’s: a caregiver’s guide and source book. New York: Stephen Kipper. U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). Sixty-five plus in the United States. Retrieved March 30, 2005, from http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/statbriefs/agebrief.html Weiner, Michael A. (1987). Reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s. New York: Stein & Day.

The Power of Title IX Essay -- gender equity in sports

Title IX is a law passed in 1972 that requires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that receives federal funding (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any educational programs or activity receiving federal financial assistance. – From the preamble to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). The actual Title IX document was based on 10 key areas: (1) access to higher education (2) employment, (3) athletics, (4) career education; (5) education for pregnant and parenting students, (6) employment learning environment, (7) math and science, (8) sexual harassment, (9) standardized testing and (10) technology (titleixinfo.com.2011). Title IX legislation has been subject to over 20 additional reviews and proposed amendment revisions due to the different inte rpretations and lifestyle changes that present themselves in their various court cases. History of Title IX Title IX is historically related to the social changes that were becoming increasingly noticed after the Civil Rights laws were coming to light. These social changes represented a national commitment to end discrimination and establish a mandate to bring the excluded into the mainstream (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). It was the federal government that utilized these laws, created by Title IX, to deliver the promise of all people’s equal opportunities and rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution to develop their talents. As an early example of the barriers set up before Title IX, Luci Baines Johnson, daughter of President J... ...opportunities in athletics and extra- curricular activities. A woman should never be forced to do anything different then a man just because of her sex. This author agrees with the decision that the woman in this case should not have been sent home for a mandatory leave of absence. This is prejudice at its best. Participating in the pre-game activities of Super Bowl XLV, there was a young girl who won a contest that presented her the opportunity to carry the game ball out on the field before the coin toss. This young girl stated in an interview that it is her life long goal to become a kicker in the National Football League (NFL). This is Title IX at its best. A young girl with a dream; a dream to do something that no other girl has ever done before; a dream to step foot in a man’s world and be allowed the equal opportunity to accomplish HER dream.

Cna Research

Pulling the Plug Medical Nursing Aide Jane Roberts Instructor Mary Mooney October 4, 2012 What does life support hold for a person who is living by technology of a support for a machine? The person who is ill does not have a chance of waking up and able to live a normal life. Sometimes people see life support as a lifesaver which in many cases, it can be. In this case if it was me, and I had to make a choice to take them off life support it would be a hard descsion if you know that there is a possible chance they will never come to or be in a veggie state.Life support t is a combination of machines and therapies that work together to sustain human life (www. livestrong. com). I know that life support in some case allow a person who has been ill or in accident to get up and carry on with their lives in this case Betty Jean, had punctured her heart and stop breathing twice and had no brain activity, the doctor assured Tony, there was nothing else they could done . In life we have descs ion to bring life in this world not to take life.I can agree with parents as well as the husband the parents love their daughter and know parent wants to lose a child but the husband wants his wife taken off life support Betty Jean, also had a living will that stated o ventilator. I think that Tony loved his wife so much and he followed her wishes Betty Jean, had been a nurse so she knew extent of what life support she also was active in hospice so she knew the extent of life support.Tony had to made a tough decision; I think he should of waited like the parents’ wished just a little longer there are several kinds of life support decisions rather it is ventilators or Nutrition and Hydration or (DNR) order which â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate. These are hard decisions for anyone and it best not to make this type decisions on your own.Betty Jeans, living will over power the parent’s rights but morally I would have waited just because of my own beliefs it hard to let a love on e go but in this case the husband had to make the last decisions. REFERENCE PAGE Use caution in ending life support for brain-injured, experts say. (2011, U. S. News & World Report, , 1. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com; http://www. livestrong. com(2009)

Free Essays on Kabuki

Kabuki is one of Japan's traditional theatrical arts. Its inception goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has flourished and remains a very popular dramatic art form in Japan drawing large audiences across the country. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinction between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. The art of kabuki was cultivated mainly by the merchants in those days. They had be come increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was perhaps most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under such conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever. All female parts are played by male impersonators known as onnagata. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers. The authorities felt that this would lead to a serious demoralization of the public and in 1629 the theatrical appearance of women was officially banned. However, since kabuki as an art form was already accepted by the public, men immediately took over and have continued performing to the present. The ban on actresses was in effect for about 250 years. In the mean time kabuki brought to perfection the art of the onnagata. As a result, there was no room for actresses in kabuki whe... Free Essays on Kabuki Free Essays on Kabuki Kabuki is one of Japan's traditional theatrical arts. Its inception goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has flourished and remains a very popular dramatic art form in Japan drawing large audiences across the country. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinction between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. The art of kabuki was cultivated mainly by the merchants in those days. They had be come increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was perhaps most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under such conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever. All female parts are played by male impersonators known as onnagata. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers. The authorities felt that this would lead to a serious demoralization of the public and in 1629 the theatrical appearance of women was officially banned. However, since kabuki as an art form was already accepted by the public, men immediately took over and have continued performing to the present. The ban on actresses was in effect for about 250 years. In the mean time kabuki brought to perfection the art of the onnagata. As a result, there was no room for actresses in kabuki whe... Free Essays on Kabuki While reading the short story â€Å"Flower-Eating Crone† by Enchi Fumiko, the one obstacle that I had with the text dealt with the Kabuki theatre. I kept wondering what the Kabuki theatre was all about, since it was mentioned throughout the story. I have very little experience with Japanese culture, so I thought it would be a good idea to see what exactly the Kabuki theatre entails. I feel this topic is significant because it seems like Kabuki theatre plays a major role in the Japanese culture. I feel the following information would only enhance a reader’s understanding of this story if they actually knew a little background on the aesthetics of the Kabuki theatre. I’m going to give a brief explanation about certain key aspects of the Kabuki theatre and these aspects are the background, repertoire, the aesthetic elements, the stage, and finally the actors. Kabuki theatre is one of Japan’s traditional theatrical art programs. The Kabuki theatre started around the 16th century in the period known as the Edo Era century. This was the period in which Kabuki developed the most. The merchant class was the class that did most of the groundwork for the Kabuki theatre. To the commoners Kabuki theatre was a way to express their emotions about their living conditions. (i.g. social class difference). The feudalistic system and conflicts between humanity are the two main themes that are found throughout each play. This form of theatre is constantly evolving and making changes for the better. Kabuki theatre does have a big following among the Japanese. The thing about Kabuki theatre that amazed me the most is the fact the males play both female and male roles. Yes this means that there are no female actresses in Kabuki theatre. These males are known as onnagata. The use of woman was banned in 1629 in order to protect the public from demoralization. Kabuki theatre has a huge repertoire of around 300 plays. This number is s... Free Essays on Kabuki Japan’s dances and dramas as they are seen today contain 1300 years of continuous uninterrupted history. This prodigious feat of conservation, theatrically speaking, makes Japan an extraordinary and unique country. In all of Asia, where tradition generally is sanctified and change eschewed, Japan stands as the only country whose theatre is its entirety has never suffered an eclipse nor undergone any drastic revivification or renovation. The most traditional form of Japanese theatre is kabuki. Its origin goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has now been perfected into a state of classical refinement. Though not as flourishing as it once was, the kabuki theatre retains wide popularity among the people, and is in fact drawing quite large audiences even now. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinctions between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. Mainly the merchants cultivated the art of kabuki in those days. They had become increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under the prevailing conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art, and possibly the most significant detail and in keeping with the kabuki spirit of unusualness, is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever (Bowers 325). Male impersonators known as onnagata play all female parts. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage...